mutations

• substitution: DNA base swapped for another
• deletion: DNA bases removed
• addition/insertion: bases inserted
• duplication: base repeated
• inversion: sequence reversed
• translocation: sequence moved from one place to another (same or different chromosome)
• frameshift mutation: all subsequent triplets affected (deletion, addition and duplication)
• how mutagenic agents work:

  • act as DNA base (eg cause substitution)
  • altering bases (change structure so pairs with different base)
  • changing structure of DNA (causes issues during replication)