inorganic chemistry

• Group 1 (alkali metals) - lithium, sodium, and potassium:

  • Similarities in reactions with water provide evidence for their recognition as a family of elements
  • Differences in reactions with air and water provide evidence for the trend in reactivity in Group 1
  • Knowledge of trends in Group 1 can help predict the properties of other alkali metals
• Group 7 (halogens) - chlorine, bromine, and iodine:

  • Know the colors, physical states, and trends in physical properties of these elements
  • Use knowledge of trends in Group 7 to predict the properties of other halogens
  • Understand how displacement reactions involving halogens and halides provide evidence for the trend in reactivity in Group 7
• Gases in the atmosphere:

  • Know the approximate percentages by volume of the four most abundant gases in dry air
  • Understand how to determine the percentage by volume of oxygen in air using experiments involving reactions of metals (e.g., iron) and non-metals (e.g., phosphorus) with air
  • Describe the combustion of elements in oxygen, including magnesium, hydrogen, and sulfur
• Reactivity series:

  • Metals can be arranged in a reactivity series based on their reactions with water and dilute hydrochloric or sulfuric acid
  • Metals can be arranged in a reactivity series based on displacement reactions between metals and metal oxides, and metals and aqueous solutions of metal salts
  • Know the order of reactivity of metals like potassium, sodium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, zinc, iron, copper, silver, and gold
• Acids, alkalis, and titrations:

  • Use litmus, phenolphthalein, and methyl orange to distinguish between acidic and alkaline solutions
  • Understand how the pH scale can classify solutions as strongly acidic, weakly acidic, neutral, weakly alkaline, and strongly alkaline
  • Know that acids in aqueous solution are a source of hydrogen ions and alkalis are a source of hydroxide ions
• Acids, bases, and salt preparations:

  • General rules for predicting the solubility of ionic compounds in water
  • Understand acids and bases in terms of proton transfer
  • Describe reactions of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid with metals, bases, and metal carbonates to form salts
• Chemical tests:

  • Describe tests for gases like hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and chlorine
  • Carry out a flame test and know the colors formed for different cations
  • Describe tests for cations like NH4+, Cu2+, Fe2+, and Fe3+ using sodium hydroxide solution