21ST

• Literary Theory refers to different schools of thoughts and a body of ideas that can be used as a tool in understanding literary context
• Sociocultural: of, relating to, or involving a combination of cultural and social factors
• Sociocultural Famous Perspectives:

  • Marxism: Focuses on social class struggle
  • Feminism: Examines the role of women in literature
  • Queer Theory: Concerned with the queer or the third gender, including gay, lesbians, and others
  • Historicism: Deals with the history influencing the writing of literature
  • Postcolonialism: Examines changes in the attitude of post colonies after the colonial period
  • New Historicism: Focuses not only on the history when the literary text was written, but also on how the history happened
• Arsenio Manuel divided Philippine precolonial literature into three: Mythological Age, Heroic Age, and Folktales from all ages
• Forms of Literature. Proverbs, Riddles, Folksongs, epics, and ales
• Baybayin is a writing system derived from Kavi, a Javanese (Indonesian) script
• The ancient Tagalog script had seventeen basic syllables composed of three vowels and fourteen consonants
• Heroic Age focused on ordinary mortals and cultural heroes, with epics being a popular genre chanted during important events in the community
• Riddles


  • Like proverbs but demand answers and used to test the wits of those who are listening
• Critical Reading Strategies

  1. Previewing

  2. Annotating

  3. Contextualizing

  4. Outlining and summarizing

  5. Analyzing

  6. Rereading

  7. Responding
• Early Filipinos wrote on palm leaves or bamboo using knives as pens and sap from plants and trees as ink
• Proverbs


  • Practical observations and philosophy of everyday life written usually in rhyming scheme
• Folktales of all ages are traditional stories with humans, animals, and plants as characters, modified through successive retellings before being recorded
• Mythological Age is the period when ancestors told stories about the creation of human beings, the world, natural phenomena, deities, and spirits
• Lesson 6 - Philippine Literature Spanish Period
• Members of the Reform Movement

  • Jose Rizal (Dimasalang/Laong Laan), Marcelo H. del Pilar (Plaridel), Mariano Ponce (Tikbalang/Kalipulako), Graciano Lopez Jaena
• Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Prince Philip of Asturias
• The 333-year Spanish colonization ended with outbreaks of revolution and the rise of independence
• Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippine soil


  March 16, 1521
• Revolutionaries

  • Andres Bonifacio (May Pag-asa), Emilio Jacinto (Dimasilaw)
• Spanish Influences on Philippine Literature: Roman Alphabet, Christian Doctrines, Spanish language became the literary language, European legends, Ancient literature collected and translated to Tagalog and other dialects
• Limasawa - where the first Catholic mass in the country was celebrated
• Ladinos: A bilingual poem with religious themes characterized by alternating lines or verses in Tagalog and Spanish
• Epics


  • Long winded poems about a hero and his adventures and misadventures
• King Philip II of Spain officially colonized the country and assigned the new expedition to the first Governor-General Miguel López de Legazpi


  1565
• Motives of Spaniards: Spice trade, 3 Gs: God, Gold, and Glory
• Fr. Pedro Valderrama baptized more than 500 natives along with Rajah Humabon


  April 14, 1521
• Homonhon - an island in Eastern Samar where Magellan landed
• They wrote for La Solidaridad
• Both La Solidaridad and Kalayaan contributed to secular writings during the period and ignited the desire of the Filipinos to be free from Spain
• The Propaganda Movement, led by the Ilustrados
• Periodicals during the Spanish colonization gained a religious tone
• Ladinos


  A bilingual poem with religious themes characterized by alternating lines or verses in Tagalog and Spanish
• Forms of Spanish Literature

  • Corrido - a legendary religious narrative form that usually details the lives of saints or a history of a tradition
  • Awit - a chivalric poem about a hero usually a saint
  • Pasyon - a narrative poem about the life of Jesus Christ beginning from his birth and up to his death, usually sung during Lenten Season
  • Cenaculo - The dramatization of the passion of Christ, a good example is the San Pedro Cutud Lenten Rites in San Fernando Pampanga
  • Moro - or Comedia de Capa y Espada, a blood and thunder melodrama depicting conflict of Christian and Muslims
  • Carillo - a play that uses shadows as its main spectacle, created by animating figures made from cardboard projected onto a white screen
  • Tibag - The dramatic reenactment of St. Helena's search for the Holy Cross, St. Helena being the mother of Constantine
  • Duplo - or Karagatan, native dramas connected to Catholic mourning rituals and harvest celebrations
  • Zarzuela - musical comedies or melodramas dealing with elemental passions of human beings
  • Moriones - a festival in celebration of the life of Saint Longinus, a blond soldier
  • Salubong - depicts the moment when the Risen Christ met his mother shown during Easter morning
  • Panunuluyan - presented before 12:00 on Christmas Eve, a presentation of the search of the Virgin Mary and St. Joseph for an inn where Mary can give birth to Jesus
  • Anecdotes - short and amusing stories containing life lessons, often used by priests as part of their sermons
  • Platicas/Sermon - lectures presented by Spanish priests dealing with religious, biblical, and moral topics
  • Novenas - a series of prayers repeated for nine consecutive days, usually prayers for petition and thanksgiving
  • Essays - "Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog" by Andres Bonifacio, one of the most important essays during the Spanish colonial period, published in the newspaper Kalayaan
  • Novels - Pedro Paterno's Ninay (considered the first Filipino novel), Padre Modesto de Castro's Urbana at Feliza, Padre Miguel Lucio y Bustamante's Si Tandang Basio Macunat, and Jose Rizal's Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo
• The term ladino also refers to Filipinos who were fluent in both Spanish and Filipino
• The first book explaining the principles of the Tagalog language was Arte y reglas de la lengua tagala (The Art and Rules of the Tagalog Language)
• Syntax

  The study of how linguistic elements form phrases, clauses, or sentences
• Linguistic


  Of or relating to language the study of language