C8: Learning

• Learning is a long-lasting or relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience, not the result of an innate or biological change
• Associative learning is the connection of two things together that leads to a change in behavior
• Classical conditioning is the learning through association
• Operant conditioning is learning through rewards and/or punishments for behavior
• Conditioning is when behavior becomes more or less likely depending on consequences or context
• Classical Conditioning/Pavlovian Conditioning is the association of two different things with one another; usage of dogs and saliva
• Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) is the natural trigger of a reflexive response without prior learning and conditioning (eg. jumping at sudden loud noises)
• Unconditioned response (UCR) is a reflexive action that occurs naturally and automatically in response to a stimulus without any learning and conditioning (eg. smell of food, saliva at food for dogs)
• Conditioned response is a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (eg. social response: saying "your welcome" automatically after someone says "thank you")
• Conditioned stimulus (CS) is a previously neutral stimulus that eventually triggers a conditioned response (eg. sound of bell)
• Acquisition is when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a conditioned response (eg. Little Albert experiment)
• Extinction is the weaking of a conditioned response and is lose in behavior decreasing or disappearing
• Spontaneous recovery is the recovery of a CS after a period of non-exposure
• Generalization is the transfer of information/responses from one context to another
• Discriminate is the ability to perceive and respond to differences among stimuli
• Time is critical for conditioning
• Forward conditioning is the paring of two stimuli that the CS presented before the UCS is presented
• Delayed is when the CS is present until the UCS, creating an overlap
• Traced is when the CS stops then UCS starts; process has to be quick (eg. bell stops, food starts)
• Simultaneous conditioning is when the CS and UCS is presented at the same time
• Backward conditioning is when UCS is presented before the CS
• Aversive conditioning is when unwanted behavior and unpleasant stimuli has the intention of reducing the unwanted behavior (eg. Little Albert)
• Biology and Classical Conditioning is the ability to condition animals/people with blank slates
• Learned taste aversions (Garcia Effect) was the association of nausea and food
• Thorndike's law of effect and instrumental learning showed connections between stimulation and response
• B.F. Skinner and the Skinner Box associated a lever with food, an example of operant conditioning
• Reinforcer is anything that makes behavior more likely to occur
• Shaping is the guidance of a subject's behavior to what you want them to do
• Two types of reinforcements: Positive and Negative
• Positive reinforcement is the addition of something pleasant
• An example of positive reinforcement is a dog getting food or treats
• Negative reinforcement is the subtraction of something unpleasant
• An example of negative reinforcement is when a mom stops nagging after a child has put away their toy
• Primary reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities; things itself are rewarding
• Examples of a primary reinforcer are food, water, sleep and etc.
• Secondary reinforcers need stimulation that requires reinforcement value through association with primary reinforces
• Examples of a secondary reinforcer are praise, good grades, etc.
• Reinforcement Schedules are instances of behavior reinforced
• Continuous reinforcement is when the wanted behavior occurs is rewarded with a treat
• Partial reinforcement is a response that is reinforced only part of the time; is more resistant to extinction