unit 4

• why are whales hunted?

  whale fat (blubber) used as fuel/lubricating oil

  perfume industry used whale ambergris

  restraurant industry uses whale meat
• what led to rapid expansion of whale hunting in 20th century?

  invention of steam ships and explosive harpoon
• blue whales have reduced to what % of initial numbers?

  0.15%
• what is the IWC?

  International whaling commission
• what have IWC done since 1986?

  indefinite ban on commercial whaling
• what did IWC establish in 1994?

  southern ocean whale sanctuary covering 50 million square km around Antartica, it has a complete ban on any whaling to help recover the population
• what are the limitations to IWC commercial whaling ban?

  indigenous societies are still permitted to a restricted level of whaling

  Japan and Norway has continued hunting due to what its government calls scientific reasons
• In 2017/18 how many minkle whales did Japan kill?

  181 and 122 were pregnant
• when did Japan withdraw from IWC?

  December 2018
• where is Japan carrying out commercial whaling?

  only territorial areas- EEZ

  northern and southern pacific areas
• why has Japan chosen to leave the IWC?

  some small towns depend on whaling for economy
• should whaling be permitted at all?

  traditional celebration

  if not on mass scale- only take what's needed

  use of small vessels no manufacturing large ships
• what is overfishing?

  fish stocks are reduced to levels where populations are unable to sustain themselves
• how much does each person eat of fish per year?

  19.2kg of fish per year- twice as much as 50 years ago
• in 2013, how many tonnes of fish were caught world-wide?

  93 million tonnes
• how many fish stocks are fully/partially exploited?

  80%
• what is the reason for the collapse of the Canadian newfoundland in 1992?

  1962-1972 harvestable crop dropped by 82%

  mechanisation- easier to fish 24 hours a day of fishing
• what is a cod moratorium?

  shut down industry for 500 years of fishing cod- complete ban laying off 40,000
• how were fishermen compensated for cod moratorium?

  225 dollars per week for 10 weeks
• how have communities been impacted from cod moratorium?

  population decline, loss of income
• what is sustainable development?

  meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
• how many people are dependant on marine resources?

  over 3 billion
• what is being done on a global scale to manage marine environments?

  UN sustainable goals

  1995 United Nations fish stock agreement

  2023 UN high seas treaty
• what is the 1995 UN fish stock agreement?

  signed by 59 states with international principles for conservation and management of fish stocks, states should co-operate to ensure conservation of fish stocks both within and beyond EEZ & establishing minimum international standards for conservation
• what is the 2023 UN high seas treaty?

  increase protection of oceans to include high seas which cover 2/3 of oceans
• how will 2023 high seas treaty help tackle overfishing?

  regulation of large scale industrial fishing

  cautious approach to potential exploration of resources

  collaboration of regional seas organisations and regional fisheries
• how will the 2023 treaty help reduce marine pollution?

  build ecosystem to tackle affects of climate change and acidification

  parties must asses potential environmental impacts of any planned activity beyond their jurisdiction and polluters pay principle
• what is happening on a regional scale for management of marine resources?

  The EU common fisheries policy
• what is the EU common fisheries policy?

  set quotas for which member states are allowed to catch for each type of fish which has been criticised by fishermen who say it is threatening their livelihoods
• what is a fishing quota?

  total allowable catches (TACs) are catch limits that set for commercial fishing stocks, based on tonnage of stock that could be caught while ensuring the supply of fish in the future
• why is the EU common fisheries policy criticised?

  complex & hard to measure

  dead fish put back into sea due to going over allowance

  not popular with fishermen lowering their incomes
• what are marine reserves?

  to protect fish stocks and ecosystem created within EEZ restricting levels of fishing
• what are examples of marine protected areas?

  Tristan da Cunha

  Lamlash bay
• where is Tristan da Cunha?

  British overseas territory in m middle of south Atlantic as worlds most remotest community with 250 inhabitants
• how big is marine reserve in Tristan da Cunha?

  established 2020 by local community and British government

  almost 3 times the size of the UK

  4th largest MPZ in the world in which all fishing and extraction activities are banned from 90% of the waters
• why did the Tristan da Cunha community want it to be protected?

  they depend on health of oceans- no income without it

  lobster fisheries and source of food

  protecting production of seabirds and seals, penguins and blue sharks
• why was it necessary to establish the no take zone of lamlash bay?

  too many fish caught one year, none the following year

  fish stocks fell by 96% declared a marine desert
• which local group was formed to protect lamlash bay?

  community of arran seabed trust (COAST)
• when did protection of lamlash bay begin and how big is it?

  2008

  2.7 squared Km
• after 10 years what did the no take zone do to biodiversity in lamlash?

  increased biodiversity by 50%

  lobsters and scallops doubled

  sizes of species also increased