Pol sci

• Cross Border Terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir:

  • The problem began with Pakistan sending tribal raiders with the support of the army to force Maharaja Hari Singh of Jammu and Kashmir to join Pakistan
  • Hari Singh signed the Instrument of Accession making the State a part of the Indian union after which India sent troops to protect Kashmir, resulting in the first India-Pakistan war of 1947-48
  • In 1965, Amanullah Khan created the Plebiscite Front in Pakistan Occupied Kashmir, leading to the formation of the Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) in 1977
  • JKLF's main demand was to create an independent state of Kashmir, leading to Pakistan using Mujahideen to back pro-Pakistan guerrilla groups like the Hizb-ul-Mujahideen in Kashmir
  • The growth of Islamic militancy in Kashmir in the 1990s resulted in the migration of the Pandit population from Kashmir
• The Indian government maintains that terrorism emanating from across Indian borders remains a core concern in India's relationship with Pakistan

  • Infiltration from across the border mainly affects Jammu and Kashmir, which is affected by terrorist violence sponsored and supported from across the border
  • The conflict in Jammu and Kashmir involves cross border intervention in the form of militancy or political support to separatist groups like the Hurriyat
  • Disturbingly, children are used for stone-throwing and militants have burned schools in the region
• In 1965, Amanullah Khan created the Plebiscite Front in Pakistan Occupied Kashmir
• The Plebiscite Front had an unofficial armed wing called National Liberation Front, which carried out sabotage activities in Jammu and Kashmir
• In 1977, the Plebiscite Front was renamed Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF)
• In 1989, a National Conference worker was shot dead and JKLF kidnapped Rubia Sayeed, daughter of the then Home Minister
• The main demand of the JKLF was to create an independent state of Kashmir
• Pakistan decided to use the Mujahideen to support pro-Pakistan guerrilla groups like the Hizb-ul-Mujahideen in Kashmir
• The entry of pan-Islamist fighters from Pakistan into the Valley changed the color of the insurgency
• The growth of Islamic militancy in Kashmir in the 1990s led to the migration of the Pandit population from Kashmir
• The Indian government emphasizes that terrorism from across Indian borders is the core concern in India's relationship with Pakistan
• Infiltration from across the border mainly affects Jammu and Kashmir, leading to terrorist violence sponsored and supported from across the border
• The Ministry of Home, Government of India's Annual Report of 2016-17 highlights that Jammu and Kashmir has been affected by terrorist and secessionist violence for over two and a half decades, supported from across the border
• Pakistan has attempted to radicalize the people in Jammu and Kashmir through vested social groups and the use of social media
• Cross border intervention in the form of militancy or political support to separatist groups like the Hurriyat has fostered a continuous period of instability in Jammu and Kashmir
• A disturbing aspect of the conflict is the use of children for stone-throwing and burning of schools by militants
• The Naxalite movement, now referred to as Maoist movement or Left-Wing Extremism, has its main support base amongst tribal communities and is spreading into landless agricultural labor, dalits, and workers
• Left-Wing Extremism succeeds where there is a sense of injustice, exploitation, oppression, and neglect by the State, especially in urban centers and among blue-collar workers
• The roots of the Naxalite movement can be traced back to the Telangana movement (1946-51) and the first serious attempt to promote a peasant struggle by Indian communists
• Naxalism began as a protest against the feudal order in 1967 at Naxalbari in West Bengal, with ideological roots in the writings of Charu Majumdar based on the ideology of Marx-Lenin-Mao
• The Naxalite movement lost momentum in the seventies after the arrest of Muzumdar and government policies of non-tolerance of the agitation, but was revived in the 1980s and eventually took a militant turn