Unit 4 - Science

• Inorganic Molecules: raw materials from which life is built
• Organic Molecules: Produced by all organisms, always contains carbon,
• Macromolecules: Large molecules that are made up of many smaller molecules.
• Monomers: Identical molecules that make up polyymers
• Polymers: Large molecules made from multiple monomers
• Dehydration Synthesis: Making something by removing water, links monomers together
• Hydrolysis: breaks apart polymers into their monomers by adding water.
• Carbohydrates:

  1. Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
  2. Makes up Sugars, Starches, and Cellulose
  3. Energy is stored within C-H bonds
• Monosaccharides

  1. C6H12O6
  2. Simple sugars
• Disaccharides

  1. C11H22O11
  2. Double Sugars
• Polysaccharides

  1. many sugars, starches
  2. Short-term energy storage
• Lipids

  1. Fats, oils, waxes, steroids
  2. CHO
  3. Long-term Storage
  4. Saturated and Unsaturated chains
• Carbohydrates contain less energy than lipids, but are easier to breakdown
• Lipids store more energy than Carbohydrates, and are used as long-term energy reserves
• Proteins:

  1. CHON
  2. Monomers: Amino acids
• Amino Acids

  1. Central Carbon
  2. Carboxyl group (C=O, OH)
  3. Amine group (NH2 or NH3)
  4. Hydrogen
  5. "R" Group (Variant)
• Nucleic Acids

  1. CHONP
  2. Polymers: DNA and RNA
  3. Monomers: Nucleotides
  4. Controls protein synthesis
• Nucleotides

  1. Ribose sugar group
  2. Phosphate group
  3. Nitrogenous base
• Main purpose of Cell Membranes:

  1. Acts as a protective barrier
  2. Regulate transport of substances in and out of the cell
  3. Maintain homeostasis
• Main purpose of Cell Membranes:

  1. Acts as a protective barrier
  2. Regulate transport of substances in and out of the cell
  3. Maintain homeostasis
• Cell Membrane is made up of Phospholipids, Proteins, and Cholesterol
• Phospholipids

  1. Hydrophobic tail, Hydrophilic Head
  2. Forms a bilayer
  3. Creates a fluid mosaic model
• Proteins:

  1. Determines which molecules can pass
  2. Transports molecules in and out of cell (Transport proteins)
  3. Serve as markers so the immune system can tell it is not a pathogen (Recognition protiens)
  4. Receives information from other cells (Receptor protein)
• Cholesterol helps keep fatty acid tails from sticking together
• Passive Transport: requires no ATP, Simple Diffusion and Facilitated Diffusion
• Simple Diffusion: A passive transport process for small, nonpolar molecules that requires no protein.
• Facilitated Diffusion: A passive transport process for larger or polar molecules through a membrane protein
• Active transport: requires ATP, moves molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
• Antiport pump: Transports molecules against their concentration gradient.
• Symport pump: both molecules move in the same direction
• Endocytosis: Active Transport, the cell membrane extends out and engulfs molecules and brings them into the cell
• Exocytosis: Active Transport, Molecules are transported in a vesicle that moves to the cell membrane and is then released outside
• Osmosis: The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane
• Solute: The substance that is being dissolved
• Solvent: The substance that dissolves a solute
• Hypotonic Solution: Concentration of water outside the cell is greater than the concentration of water inside the cell, water moves into the cell
• Turgor Pressure: Water goes into a plant cell and the plasma membrane pushes against the cell wall, making the plant stiff
• Cytolysis: Happens in a Hypotonic solution, cell may burst
• Hypertonic Solution: Concentration of water outside the cell is less than the concentration of water inside the cell, water moves out of the cell
• Plasmolysis: Water leaves cell, plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall, making the plant look wilted