Gender and Culture Bias

• What is often assumed when discussing psychological theories?

  They apply universally to everyone
• What issue arises when examining the creators of psychological theories?

  Most were white males, influencing perspectives
• What does "WEIRD" refer to in psychological research?

  Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic
• What are the two main sources of bias in psychology discussed?

  • Gender bias
  • Cultural bias
• What is gender bias in psychological research?

  Influence of stereotypes on theoretical assumptions
• How does cultural bias affect psychological research?

  Judging behavior through one's cultural norms
• What does universality mean in psychology?

  Behavior is true for all humans
• What is the problem with using "WEIRD" samples in research?

  They are not representative of global populations
• What is alpha bias in psychology?

  Exaggeration of differences between genders
• What does evolutionary theory suggest about male and female behavior?

  Males are innately promiscuous, females selective
• What is beta bias in psychology?

  Assuming no differences in behavior between genders
• How did Milgram's study exemplify beta bias?

  Only male participants were included
• What is the fight or flight response based on?

  A male survival strategy during threats
• What alternative response does Taylor suggest for females?

  Tend and befriend strategy for survival
• What percentage of psychological research subjects are from the US?

  68%
• What is ethnocentrism in psychology?

  Viewing one's culture as superior to others
• What does imposed etic mean?

  Applying one culture's norms to others
• What is cultural relativism?

  Understanding behavior in its cultural context
• How can bias in psychology be reduced?

  • Admit there is a problem
  • Avoid assuming universal norms
  • Encourage diverse representation in research
  • Use cross-cultural samples
  • Reflect on personal biases
• What is the importance of diverse samples in psychological research?

  They help ensure findings are generalizable
• What does a reflexive approach in research involve?

  Researchers reflect on their own biases
• Why is it important to clarify findings relate only to specific samples?

  To prevent misleading interpretations by others