LTM and STM

• What is coding in memory systems?

  The format in which information is stored
• What are the three types of coding?

  Visual, acoustic, and semantic
• What does capacity refer to in memory?

  The amount of information held in memory
• What does duration refer to in memory?

  The length of time information is held
• What was the aim of Baddeley's (1966) study?

  To test the coding of STM and LTM
• How many groups were participants divided into in Baddeley's study?

  Four groups
• What type of words did Group 1 in Baddeley's study recall?

  Acoustically similar words
• What type of words did Group 3 in Baddeley's study recall?

  Semantically similar words
• What were participants asked to do after 20 minutes in Baddeley's study?

  Recall the words to test LTM coding
• What did Baddeley's findings suggest about STM coding?

  STM prefers to code acoustically
• What did Baddeley's findings suggest about LTM coding?

  LTM prefers to code semantically
• What is a limitation of Baddeley's study?

  Used artificial stimuli, lacking personal meaning
• What did Jacobs (1887) study focus on?

  The capacity of short-term memory
• What was the sample size in Jacobs' study?

  443 female students
• How did Jacobs test participants' memory?

  By recalling strings of numbers or letters
• What did Jacobs conclude about STM capacity?

  STM has a limited capacity of 5-9 items
• What individual differences did Jacobs find?

  STM increases with age
• What is a limitation of Jacobs' study?

  Lacked adequate control in early research
• What did Miller (1956) observe about memory capacity?

  It is often around 7 (±2) items
• What is chunking in memory?

  Grouping information into manageable units
• What limitation did Cowan (2001) find regarding Miller's research?

  STM capacity is about four chunks
• What are the differences between short-term and long-term memory?

  • Short-term Memory:
  • Duration: 18-30 seconds
  • Coding: Mainly acoustic
  • Capacity: 7±2 chunks

  
  

  • Long-term Memory:
  • Duration: Potentially forever
  • Coding: Mainly semantic
  • Capacity: Unlimited
• What did Peterson and Peterson (1959) study focus on?

  The duration of short-term memory
• How many trials did each participant undergo in Peterson and Peterson's study?

  Eight trials
• What task did participants perform during the pause in Peterson and Peterson's study?

  Count backwards in threes
• What were the findings of Peterson and Peterson's study after 18 seconds?

  Only about 10% of trigrams recalled
• What conclusion did Peterson and Peterson draw about rehearsal?

  Very little can stay in STM without rehearsal
• What is a limitation of Peterson and Peterson's study?

  Used artificial stimulus material
• What did Bahrick et al. (1975) study focus on?

  The duration of long-term memory
• How many participants were involved in Bahrick et al.'s study?

  392 participants
• What type of test did participants take in Bahrick et al.'s study?

  Free-recall test and recognition tests
• What were Bahrick et al.'s findings after 15 years?

  90% recognition, 60% free recall accuracy
• What conclusion did Bahrick et al. draw about recognition vs recall?

  Recognition is better than recall
• What is a strength of Bahrick et al.'s study?

  Higher external validity with meaningful memories
• What is a limitation of real-life research like Bahrick's?

  Confounding variables may not be controlled