STS05ai- europe in the middle ages

• In the Middle Ages, feast days coincided with important events of the Catholic Church
• Priests would teach peasants the basic beliefs of Christianity, and during festival days, the village churchyard was used for dancing and drinking
• A manor was a self-sufficient agricultural estate run by a lord and worked by peasants and serfs
• Many peasants at this time became serfs, who were bound to the land and didn't own any land of their own
• In exchange for their labor, the lords of the Manors owed the serfs protection in the event of invasion and allowed them to keep a percentage of the crops they produced on the manor for their own families
• Attachment is a strong reciprocal emotional bond between an infant and a primary caregiver

  
• Schaffer and Emerson's 1964 study on attachment:

  • Aim: identify stages of attachment / find a pattern in the development of an attachment between infants and parents
  • Participants: 60 babies from Glasgow
  • Procedure: analysed interactions between infants and carers
  • Findings: babies of parents/carers with 'sensitive responsiveness' were more likely to have formed an attachment
• Freud's superego is the moral component of the psyche, representing internalized societal values and standards
• Faith and reason were not in competition but supported each other, both coming from God
• Latin was the language of Rome and a common language used in churches and universities
• Vernacular refers to the language of the common people, such as Spanish, French, English, and German
• Troubadours were travelling poets and musicians who told stories of courtly love from court to court
• Geoffrey of Monmouth's work around 1136 created the popularity of characters like Arthur and Merlin
• The Canterbury Tales, a collection of stories from the late 1300s, is perhaps the first popular English work
• Fountains Abbey in Yorkshire is a rectangular building with a flat wooden roof and thick walls with small windows
• Churches used stained glass windows to teach stories from the Bible to an illiterate population
• The Bubonic Plague attacks the lymphatic system, causing swelling in the lymph nodes and if untreated, can spread to the blood or lungs
• The Black Death led to a decline in population, labor shortage, towns freed from feudal obligations, and anti-semitism
• During the 14th century, the power of the church began to decline in Europe
• The Papacy moved to Avignon, France from 1305-1377, then back to Rome by Pope Gregory XI
• John Wycliffe translated part of the Bible into English and his reforms laid foundations for later change
• Jan Hus acted upon ideas of Church reform, speaking out against corrupt practices and was burned as a heretic
• The Hundred Years' War between England and France saw Joan of Arc leading French troops to victory in the Battle of Orleans
• The French developed canons to defeat the English in 1453, leading to the emergence of New Monarchs in Europe
• King Louis XI of France instituted taille, a tax, and gained control over the nobles
• The War of the Roses between the houses of York and Lancaster ended with Lancaster's victory under Henry VII
• King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain eliminated the power of the nobles and took control of the national church
• In Russia, Ivan III (Ivan the Great) established his own kingdom after throwing off Mongol rule
• The war between England and France provided the French with a sense of national identity
• The war devastated England, leading to the loss of territory and nobles' confidence in the monarchy