booklet 7

• Town centre mixed developments

  redeveloping ton centres with a combination of residential, commercial, cultural, institutional or industrial uses. These functions are designed to be physically and functionally integrated with pedestrian access - The Shard
• Cultural and heritage quarters

  These are parts of the city which develop a cultural or heritage quarter to encourage growth and revitalise the local economy in the arts and creative industries. Manchester Northern quarter
• Fortress landscapes


  Landscapes designed around security, protection, surveillance and exclusion - LA
• Edge cities


  self-contained settlements which have emerged beyond original boundary and developed as cities in their own right. Have a concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment - LA
• Gentrified inner areas


  the process of renewal and rebuilding accompanying the influx of middle class affluent people into deteriorating areas, displaces poorer people - areas in Stratford
• Which new urban land use could form the notation of 'insiders' and 'outsiders'

  Fortress development show a notation of insiders and outsiders physically by the use of fences, gates, CCTV as well as defensive boundaries. They also portray the notion mentally, ie the residents have strong opinions on having outsiders within their home area. Can cause tension.

  Edge cities are linked with social segregation as the wealthy move out
• Meadowell Estate - designing out crime

  - put in defensive boundaries - walls, fences around peoples property to give idea of private space

  - intro of CCTV

  blocked out rat roads

  - created cul de sacs - idea of neighbourhood watch
• Strategies of Fortress landscapes

  - greater use of CCTV

  - railing and fencing

  - mosquitoes alarm

  - speed bumps

  - street lighting
• Birmingham Jewellery Quarter


  Within the high street there are lots of jewellery shops, in the past it was workshops. There are jewellery schools. Its Europe's largest concentration of businesses involved in Jewellery trade
• Functions of mixed down developments

  - residential

  - commercial

  - cultural

  - institutional

  -industrial
• City Centre quarter of Exeter

  replaced the post war developments that had become dated and run down

  The Princess Hay development contained 122 flats, 60 retail units, a unique visitor attraction, cafes and restaurants
• 2 pre-requisites Cultural and Heritage quarters must have

  - presence of cultural production or consumption
• Edge cities - what and why

  They are a result of urban sprawl and are linked with social segregation. An example of this is within LA. LA has 88 edge cities
• Features of edge cities

  - major roads

  - wide range of amenities

  - airports
• Portland road - Notting Hill Case study

  The Socio-economic residents have changed a lot over time. The community feel down the north end fell away as more wealthy high salary middle class moved to the south end of the street
• Portland road - Notting Hill Case study

  There is lots of social segregation on Portland road, conflict between the m/c and the w/c residents

  IN 1975 a traffic barrier was built to separate ends
• Portland road - Notting Hill Case study

  Services have changed dramatically overtime. The orignal bar changed into Jules bar, the go to place

  The pub changed into a beauty salon and the dairy turned into an art Gallery selling art over £1 million

  High end fashion shops popped up

  Along the road there is no where to buy staples like milk and bread
• Portland road - Notting Hill Case study

  House prices have sky rocketed over the years due to the expensive lifestyles and salaries these wealthy families have. Residents on the south end are finance giants, bank owners etc
• Costs and benefits of gentrification

  costs

  people on low incomes cant afford higher property prices

  High car ownership causes congestion

  
  

  Benefits

  increased local tax income

  Physical environment improved and greater employment opportunity
• What is a postmodern city

  An urban form associated with urban structure, architectural design and planning, reflects the changed social and economical conditions of the late 20th century in some western cities
• Characteristics of post modern city

  - a multi nodal structure with high tech corridors and suburban developments - edge cities

  - a service based sector

  - a landscape where the architecture is more of an expression of art than function

  - cities planned in fragments and focus on aesthetic needs rather than social needs

  - ethnic diversity and social polarisation
• Las Vegas - Urban Structure

  Lake Las Vegas - gated community with pseudo Mediterranean villas man made. Little Italy and the strip
• Las Vegas - Landscape

  Las Vegas strip has a wide mix of architectural design styles. Over the top consumerism of American architecture
• Las Vegas - Economy

  Service dominated tourism drives the economy
• Las Vegas - planning

  fragmented city where builders have free range to build what they want where they want
• Las Vegas - Culture and society

  45.9% white

  33.2% Hispanic

  10.6% African American

  Las Vegas is quite ethnically diverse with majority white and Hispanic
• LA - urban structure

  88 Edge cities

  Typifies that of Urban Sprawl
• LA - landscape


  LA has many districts - Holly Wood, Beverly Hills, Malibu all with unique design and flare
• LA - Economy

  Central business district has many headquarters of TNCs which offers few employment opportunities. This drive LAs economy
• LA - planning


  City planned in fragments - areas of poor and deprivation eg Watts

  However ears of extreme wealth like Holly Wood and Hidden Hills
• LA - culture and society

  Mexican Hispanic are the largest group of ethnicity in LA

  China town and Little Italy has very much driven the culture of LA
• LA vs Vegas


  LA does show elements of postmodernism but it is not on par with Vegas. The economy, culture and urban structure of LA are similar to that of postmodernism. Vegas shows all characteristics of a Postmodern city.