CONTRIBUTION OF ARABS, CHINESE & HINDU

• ARABIC CIVILIZATION- Arabian Peninsula, Saudi Arabia (622 ad)
• ARABIC CIVILIZATION- Arabic is the spoken language
• ARABIC CIVILIZATION- Their religion Islam means "SUBMISSION TO THE

  WILL OF GOD." God Allah conveyed to Muhammad, a tradesman, a series of revelations which were to form the basis of the new faith.
• TRIGONOMETRY, SINE, TANGENT, CO-TANGENT- IBN-MOOSAA'S work HISAAB-AL JAB-WAL MUQAABALA (the calculation of integration and

  equation) in 8th century CE. Until 16th century it was Europe's main textbook on the subject.
• ASTROLABE is an instrument used to observe the stars.
• MUHAMMAD BIN MOOSAA AL-KHAWAARIZMI is considered to be one of the founders of algebra.
• The word 'algorithm’ or 'algorizm’ is a corruption of his name or the name of the town KHWAARISM (KHEVA), in what is now Uzbekistan, where he was born. MUHAMMAD BIN MOOSAA AL-KHAWAARIZMI introduced Arabic numerals, and developed several arithmetical procedures.
• KAMAALUDDEEN examined the refraction of sunlight in raindrops and offered an explanation of the genesis of primary and secondary rainbows.
• HAAROON AR-RASHEED was associated with the story of the invention of the pendulum and the presentation of a water clock to EMPEROR CHARLEMAGNE.
• MOOSAA BIN SHAAKIR described one hundred pieces of mechanics equipment in his book of artifices.
• CAMERA OBSECURA- in optics, this was invented by IBN HAYTHAM in

  1038 CE.
• THEORY OF RELATIVITY- DAADHI ABU BAKR developed the theory of

  relativity in the 8th century CE in terms of time and space by means of mathematical equations and astrophysics.
• PAPER MAKING- This was one of the earliest skills attained by the

  Muslims. As early as the 8h century CE, high quality paper was being manufactured in SAMARQAND.
• Muslims were leading in weaving wool producing silk, pottery, jewelry, and in leather and perfume industry.
• Ancient China was built along two main rivers -the YELLOW RIVER CHUANG HED in the north, and later the YANGTZE in the south.
• Chinese- One of the oldest civilizations and the world's most populous country (Asia), with a population of over 1.35 billion.
• Paper and Chinese calligraphy began writing about 1500 BC. The earliest writing we know from China was on animal bones, which are called "oracle bones" used to tell the future.
• DECIMAL OR BASE TEN SYSTEM was first developed by the Chinese, the earliest invention was the ABACUS, a calculator that used sliding

  beads to help compute math problems quickly.
• The first recorded observations of COMETS, SOLAR ECLIPSES, were done in China
• Chinese civilization Invented KITES AND LANTERNS.
• The clock was first devised for astronomical purposes. The first ever clock had a puppet which would hold up a plate that would tell the time. Giant water clocks which rang every 15 minutes were also created.
• The COMPASS as a wooden circle with markings on it, and a magnetic spoon on top, used for religious purposes
• scientists made gunpowder by mixing SULPHUR, CHARCOAL and POTASSIUM NITRATE.
• ZHANG HENG invented the earthquake detecting tool called SEISMOSCOPE. His seismoscope was a giant bronze vessel resembling a kettle almost 6 feet in diameter.
• FANS were made of bamboo spines that stick out in the shape of a semicircle with silk wrapped around it.
• In PAPER AND PRINTING, the early script contained 80,000 different characters. They went on to invent books and had book shops in every city by the end of the tang dynasty.
• SEED DRILLS were used by farmers to plant seeds into the soil at uniform depth.
• The IRON PLOUGH was one of the major developments in ancient Chinese agriculture. It was first developed in 4th century BC, and

  popularized during the Han Dynasty.
• WHEELBARROWS are basically hand driven vehicles with two handles on the rear side for a person to push ahead. CHUKO LIANG, A general

  who used wheelbarrows to transport supplies and injured soldiers, invented the wheelbarrows.
• INDUS-HINDU CIVILIZATION- emerges in the valleys of the India River
• INDUS-HINDU CIVILIZATION- extended hundreds of miles from the HIMALAYAS TO THE COAST OF THE ARABIAN SEA
• INDUS-HINDU CIVILIZATION- two major cities: HARAPPA and MOHENJO-DARO
• INDUS-HINDU CIVILIZATION- Most buildings were constructed of Mud Bricks Baked in Oven and were Square Shaped, forming a Grid Pattern.
• The Indus Civilization also had PUBLIC WELLS provided with regular supply of water for all the inhabitants and sanitation.
• In 500 AD, ARYABHATA presented astronomical and mathematical system that took the earth to spin on its axis and considered the motions of the planets with respect to the sun (heliocentric) elliptical, he also propounded the HELIOCENTRIC THEORY OF GRAVITATION, thus predating Copernicus by almost one thousand years.
• BRAHMAGUPTA (598-668) was the head of the astronomical observatory at UJJAIN; estimated in the 7th century that the circumference of the earth was 5000 yojanas or the estimate of 36,000 km.
• In 1984, RAKESH SHARMA became the first Indian to go to Outer Space.
• The Hindus use a system of 27 OR 28 NAKSHATRAS (LUNAS CONSTELLATION) to calculate a month.
• The JANTAR MANTAR in JAIPUR is actually one of six major observatories built by the Maharajah.