Approaches YR12

• How did Wundt study the human mind?

  through Introspection
• What does Introspection mean?

  Analysing your own thoughts and feelings internally
• what is a strength of Introspection?

  viewed as a 'forerunner' for cognitive approach ( he was first to apply empirical methods to internal mental processes)
• What is a weakness to Wundts introspection?


  It requires interpretation of unobservable matter (not reliable)
• What does the behaviourist approach believe?

  1. All behaviour is learned

  2. Tabula-rasa (blank slate)

  3. no free will

  4. should study behaviours scientifically

  5. environment shapes behaviour

  6. only study observable behaviours

  7. can study animals (similar to humans)
• what does classical conditioning mean?

  learning through a stimulus response to associations
• What did pavlov study?

  Dogs salivation
• What are the key terms associated with CS?

  1. UCR

  2. UCS

  3. NS

  4. CS

  5. CR
• What happened to the dog before conditioning?

  Food — salivation
• What happened to the dog during conditioning?

  Food + bell — salivation
• what happened to the dog after conditioning?

  Bell — salivation
• what does generalisation mean?

  a similar stimuli to the original conditioned stimulus produces the conditioned response
• what does discrimination mean?

  When similar stimuli to the CS does not produce CR because it is too different
• What does operant conditioning focus on?


  behaviours and the consequences that shape the behaviours
• what does reinforcement mean?

  Behaviour is more likely to be repeated
• What does positive reinforcement mean?

  something good is given to make the behaviour more likely to be repeated
• what negative reinforcement?

  something unwanted taken away to make behaviour more likely to be repeated
• what is meant by punishment ?

  when a behaviour is less likely to be repeated as a result of an action
• what is a Strength of behaviourist approach?

  scientific methods - classical and operant conditioning focus on observable methods
• What is weakness of the behaviourist approach?

  Ethical issues - controlling and manipulating human behaviour (power could be abused over people)
• what does the social learning theory suggest?

  There is a stimulus — response link (something happens between)
• what do theorists refer to the 'something ' as?

  Mediational cognitive process
• what does imitation mean?

  'copying' behaviours - rarely exactly the same
• what does modelling mean?


  A demonstration of a behaviour that will later be imitated
• what does identification mean?

  characteristics that people feel are similar to role model ( more likely to imitate)
• what is vicarious reinforcement?

  Imitating a behaviour because the role model has received a reward
• What does ARRM stand for ?

  Attention, Retention , Reproduction, motivation
• what does attention mean?

  when a person is paying attention to a role model to imitate it
• what does retention mean?

  a person must remember what they've seen so they can imitate them in the future
• what does reproduction mean?

  A person attempts to recreate a behaviour
• What does motivation mean?

  a person will be motivated to imitate a behaviour if the role model has been rewarded
• Who studied social learning theory?

  Bandies - Bobo dolls
• what age did bandura study?

  3-5 years old
• How did they do this?

  adults with bobo doll ( children watch) - beat doll for ten mins to see what children do
• what are the 3 conditions of this experiment?

  1. child see adult getting praise for behaviour

  2. child sees adult being punished for behaviour

  3. control group- don't see anything happen to adult
• what were the results of the experiment?

  when given their own bobo doll , children in C1 were most aggressive, followed by those in C3 and C2 were least aggressive.
• what is a strength of the social learning theory?

  It uses scientific methods methods — bandura used controlled observation
• what are the 4 key assumptions of the biological approach?

  1. Evolution plays a role in explaining behaviours

  2. genetic basis when explaining behaviours

  3. Anatomy of brain influences behaviour

  4. behaviour can be impacted by chemical messengers (neurotransmitters)
• what is meant by environment of evolutionary adaption?


  Period of time where changes occur, specific to species

  
  

  SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST and SEXUAL SELECTION
• what are genes?

  genes carry instructions for a particular characteristic