Cp142 - 1 Exam

• Metascience refers to the study of the nature of science, including its methods, goals, and limitations

  
• Positivism emphasizes the importance of empirical evidence and logical reasoning in the pursuit of knowledge
• Constructivism emphasizes the role of the individual in constructing knowledge and meaning
• The hierarchy of natural systems ranges from subatomic particles to the biosphere

  
• The biomedical model of care stems from a positivist perspective and is reinforced by the Germ theory

  
• The biomedical model analyzes the human body in terms of its parts, attributes disease to a single cause, and treats diseases with pharmacological, surgical, or radiation methods
• The biopsychosocial model of care considers the hierarchy of natural systems and integrates psychological and social factors into patient care
• Metascience studies the nature of science, including its methods, goals, and limitations

  
• Positivism emphasizes empirical evidence and logical reasoning in the pursuit of knowledge
• The hierarchy of natural systems:

  • Macrolevel: Biosphere - Person
  • Microlevel: Organ systems - subatomic particles

  
• Biomedical model contributions:

  • Provides a philosophy of clinical care that is patient-centered and relationship-centered
  • Includes lifestyle and nonpharmacologic methods in disease management
  • Emphasizes health and wellness
  • Supports psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

  
• Criticism of the Biomedical model:

  • Reductionist view of the body
  • Focuses more on treatment than prevention
  • Individualistic, neglecting social determinants of health
  • Interventionist, relies on healthcare professionals' intervention
• Biopsychosocial model:

  • Stems from a constructivist perspective
  • Believes disease etiology is multifactorial, including genes, age, behaviors, choices, and social support
  • Recognizes biological, psychological, and social dimensions of illness
• Criticism of the Biopsychosocial model:

  • Does not fit the definition of a scientific model
  • Considered a euphemism for psychosomatic illnesses
• The Biopsychosocial Paradigm addresses complicated illnesses where social issues or major psychological issues are at stake
• Historical perspective: psychological issues affect body function, emphasizing the mind-body link
• First Do No Harm principle:

  • Caution with diagnoses: avoid unsupported diagnoses that may harm the patient
  • Caution with Controlled Substances: patients with biopsychosocial syndrome are prone to drug addiction
  • Caution with Prognoses: negative prognoses may impact patients with covert or overt psychiatric illness
• The Biopsychosocial Syndrome involves prolonged, poorly visible illnesses with important psychosocial elements
• A syndrome consists of illness behaviors that tend to run together, including typical symptoms and laboratory findings
• Understanding Biopsychosocial Syndromes is similar to understanding depression, where hidden psychological or social factors can drive the overall syndrome
• Successful management of biological issues in Biopsychosocial Syndromes may not automatically resolve dependent psychosocial issues
• Only a small percentage of patients need to be considered as having a Biopsychosocial Syndrome out of all patients seeing doctors
• Metaphysics


  Does not really conform to the scientific method
• Positivism emphasizes the importance of _ and _


  Empirical evidence logical reasoning
• Mindset - dictates our point of view
• Mindset - gives perspective
• Mindset - leads to philosophy
• Philosophy - leads to the formation of theories and conceptual framework
• Philosophy - affect the way we orient ourselves in relation to the object, phenomenon, belief
• Philosophy - sets the paradigm for you
• Paradigm - collection of logically connected concepts and proportions that provides a theoretical perspective or orientation towards a phenomenon
• Industrial Pharmacy - paradigm is focused on providing safe, effective, and quality medicines
• Dominant Paradigms:

  1. Positivism
  2. Constructivism
• Practice is greatly influenced by what education teaches
• Epistemology

  • question of origin
  • Origin of beliefs and reality
  • lead to scientific, empirical, theoretical, rational, scientific method
• Metascience timeline

  16th to 18th century
• Constructivism timeline

  20th - 21st century
• Disease is attributed to a single cause

  • can be external or structural breakdown
• human body is analyzed in terms of its parts

  • based on anatomy and physiology
  • organ systems
• disease can be analyzed using laboratory tests