Biology

• Eukaryotic cells - contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles e.g Animal and plant cells
• Ribosomes - Make protein, too small to see under a light microscope
• Nucleus - contains dna, can be seen under a light microscope
• Osmosis - movement of water molecules from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration
• Cell membrane - controls what goes in and out of the cell, controls what goes on the inside of the cell
• Active transport - the movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
• Diffusion - movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration
• Cell wall - keeps shape (rigidity)
• Chloroplast - contain chlorophyll (green)
• Vacuole - contains cell sap, which is a solution of sugars and salts.
• Mitochondria - Site of aerobic respiration, where most of the energy for cellular respiration is produced, cannot be seen under a light microscope
• Light microscope - used to observe living organisms and their structures.
• Objective lense - A lense that is used to focus light rays on a screen or film
• Microscope: Always start on the smallest objective lense to get a clear field of view
• Magnification equation: actual size = image size divided by magnification
• Prokaryotic cells - no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles
• Magnification - how much larger the image is from the actual object
• Resolution - how clear the image is, the higher the resolution the clearer the image is
• Flagella - tail like structure that allows bacteria to move around and is used for cell division
• Folded cell membrane - leads to a bigger surface area for faster absorbtation
• Humans have 46 chromosomes
• Cell division: stage 1 - replication of DNA, chromosomes double from 46 to 92
• Cell division: stage 2 - mitosis - the cell divides into two identical daughter cells, 92 chromosomes are split
• Cell division: stage 3 - cytokinesis - cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells
• Health - the state of physical, emotional, social and mental well-being
• Photosynthesis - The process by which green plants and some other organisms use light energy to make their own food
• Malignant tumours - cancerous tumours that spread to other parts of the body
• Benign tumours - growth of abnormal cells within a tissue but not spread to other parts of the body
• Stem cell - A cell that can divide to produce more cells of the same type.
• Specialised cell - A cell that has a specific function within an organism.
• Undifferentiated cell - a cell that can become any type of cell in the body.
• Embryonic stem cell - stem cells that can differentiate into any type of cell in the body, found on the inside layer of the embryo
• Adult stem cell - limited ability to differentiate/specialise, e.g bone marrow
• Meristem cell - fully undifferentiated, cell has the ability to divide and produce a whole new plant
• Volume - the space that a substance or 3D shape contains
• Concentration - the amount of substance per volume
• Aerobic respiration - takes in oxygen and releases energy
• Dilute concentration - the concentration of a solution is lower than the normal concentration of a solution
• Independent Variable - the thing we change
• Dependent variable - the thing we measure