SKELETAL 3.2.2: Vertebra

• Thoracic region (12): The thoracic vertebrae have long spinous processes that articulate with ligaments attached to ribs.
• Parts of vertebra: Vertebral body, Vertebral Arch, Processes
• vertebral body - a dense foundation or a cylindrical mass that forms the floor of the vertebral foramen
• What are the two parts of the vertebral arch?

  lamina and pedicle
• the lamina of the vertebral arch is the ____ of the arch?

  roof
• the pedicle of the vertebral arch is the ____ of the arch?

  walls
• how many processes does vertebrae have?

  six
• TF: not all vertebra possess all six processes?

  TRUE
• where does the spinal cord goes into?

  vertebral foramen
• Vertebral formula of the dog: C7, T13, L7, S3, Cd 20-24
• sacral is also called as the croup or pelvic region
• vertebral foramen - this is the spaced formed by the vertebral body and arch
• when all the vertebra are fused together, they'll form a canal
• transverse foramen - an opening seen at the transverse process where an artery passes
• intervertebral foramen - opening between vertebrae which formed by the cranial and caudal notches of the adjacent vertebrae
• TF: does all vertebra posseses transverse foramen?

  No
• how may foramen does a vertebra can have?

  3
• Types of vertebral foramen: Vertebral foramen, Transverse foramen, Intervertebral foramen
• types of processes:

  • Spinous process
  • Transverse process
  • Articular Process (Cranial, Caudal)
  • Mamillary Process
  • Accessory Process
• Spinous process - projects dorsally from the vertebral arch
• transverse foramen - projects laterally from the arch
• articular process - seen in both cranial and caudal aspect of vertebra and forms a joint between the adjacent vertebra
• the articular processes in the thoracic vertebra, forms a joint with ____?

  ribs
• it's the process that connects the vertebra to each other?

  articular process
• mamillary process - the knob-like dorsal projection of the transverse processes
• mamillary process function mainly for?

  muscle attachment
•  accessory process - projects caudally from the pedicle ventral to the caudal articular process
• what is the dominant feature of the thoracic vertebra?

  spinous process
• what are the two parts of IV discs?

  annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus
• Function of IV discs: absorbed shock or pressure, and distribute weight throughout the vertebra
• Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD)/Prolapsed or Slipped Disc

  • happens when the annulus fibrosus ruptures and the pulpy center of the disc protrudes outward causing pressure either on the spinal cord or nerves. will cause pain or paralysis
• what is the C1 or the first cervical vertebra called?

  atlas
• to what bone or structure does the atlas articulates into?

  occipital condyle of the occipital bone
• Atlas - has a thin body and lacks of spinous process. it's transverse process is modified into wings called the wings of atlas
• What are the two foramen that atlas has?

  lateral vertebral foramen and transverse foramen
• what is the cranial foramen of the atlas?

  lateral vertebral foramen
• thee alar foramen of the atlas is modified into the?

  alar notch
• in all the vertebral column, there's only two bones that has wings. give.

  sacrum and atlas
• what is the general term used for both atlas and axis?

  atypical cervical vertebra
• other term for axis?

  epistropheus