EMPOWERMENT TECHNOLOGIES

• The term information and communication technology (ICT) collectively refers to the technologies, both hardware and software, that enable humans to communicate with one another.
• EVOLUTION OF ICT

  • The beginning of ICT can be traced back when humans started to use objects to communicate with one another.
  • It is ascertained that ICT began along the rise of humans.
• 4 MAIN PERIODS OF ICT

  • Premechanical Period
  • Mechanical Period
  • Electromechanical Period
  • Electronic Period
• PREMECHANICAL PERIOD

  • This period can be traced back thousands of years ago, around 3,000 BCE to 1450 BCE.
  • They started to write symbols as substitutes for pictures to depict ideas, objects and animals.
• • When paper was finally produced from the papyrus plant, storing of information was revolutionized.
  • Humans continued to write information that can be organized in some manner and kept as a permanent record.
• As books grew in number, they needed to be compiled and stored in areas; hence, libraries were created. Libraries were considered the first data centers in history.
• PREMECHANICAL PERIOD

  • The most popular device created in this period is said to have come from
  • China - the abacus.
  • The abacus is a manually operated device similar to the modern calculator. This was considered as the first device to process information.
• MECHANICAL PERIOD

  • The machines driven by mechanical means such as steam and gears dominated information processing and calculation.
  • This period also concentrated primarily on development of machines that will enhance calculation speed.
• PASCALINE

  • The highlight of this period is the advent of the mechanical calculator called the Pascaline, which was invented by the famous mathematician inventer Blaise Pascal along with Wilhelm Schickard.
• ANALYTIC ENGINE

  • The invention of Pascaline inspired other inventors to automate counting.
  • One of these inventors was Charles Babbage, a mathematician. He invented the Analytical Engine, which is considered the first programmable mechanical computer.
• THE ELECTROMECHANICAL PERIOD

  • The electromechanical period ushered in a new age in communications and information. This period started around 1840-1940.
• THE ELECTROMECHANICAL PERIOD

  • The telephone was later invented, enabling voice transmission over long distances. Likewise, humans started to control electricity using vacuum tubes in devices that eventually led to the development of today's electronic gadgets.
• TELEGRAPH

  • The first commercial telegraph was invented in 1837 by William Cooke and Sir Charles Wheatstone. The first working model used sets of letters and numbers by using electric current.
• The telegraph is considered the first electrical communications device. It was the first device to use electricity to transmit information over an electrical media.
• In 1844, an American inventor named Samuel Morse successfully introduced the first single-circuit telegraph, which gave rise to the Morse Code.
• • In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was granted the patent for the telephone.
  • The telephone converts sound energy into electricity and enables the telephone network to transmit it over copper wires.
• THE MAIN EVENTS FOUND IN ELECTRONIC PERIOD

  • The Late Vacuum Tubes Period
  • The Transistors Period
  • The Integrated Circuit Period
  • Computer Processor Period
• ENIAC was a big machine that occupied an area of 167 squaremeters. Aside from its big size, its processing speed was slower than those of machines used today.
• In 1947, the transistor was invented. It is an electronic device with properties and functions similar to vacuum tubes, but it is lightweight and faster.
• An American electrical engineer named Jack Kilby was credited for introducing the integrated circuit

  (IC) in 1958.
• The integrated circuit is a device that is composed of a group of transistors and circuit elements compressed in a single package.
• • The World Wide Web is the system that enables you to access hypertext documents and other files over the internet.
  • The technology was proposed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989, in which database and interface will be implemented to associate links in the readable documents.
• WEB 1.0

  READ-ONLY WEB

  It is wherein the information or hypertext file is accessed by the user.

  There were no facilities to interact with it other than to read or view the content.
• WEB 2.0

  READ-AND-WRITE WEB

  • It started with the need to interact with Web pages. Users wanted to e-mail Web sites and interact on social networking sites. The Web 2.0 enabled users or viewers to edit the content of the files they were accessing
• WEB 3.0

  SEMANTIC EXECUTING WEB

  • It is still being developed.
  • The Web 3.0 is envisioned to be smarter access of hypertext files and a version that would enable a wider range of search in a fast manner.
• Spam

  This refers to the transmission of unsolicited messaging systems such as email and chat messengers.
• PHISHING

  This is defined as a software or a program used by an attacker to obtain personal information.
• MALWARE

  This is the short term for malicious software, which is a computer software sent to inflict chaos on a computer's

  operation and processes.
• Employment Websites

  • bestjobs
  • JobStreet
• Massive Online Open Course

  • edX
  • coursera
  • Udemy
• Research Indexing Sites

  • Google Scholar
  • IEEE Xplore
• Web Search Engines

  • Google
  • DuckDuckGo
  • yahoo!
• Electronic Commerse

  • Shopee
  • Lazada
  • Amazon
  • Alibaba
• Balance

  This describes the placement of elements, shapes, or lines throughout the image.
• FORMAL BALANCE

  When objects are placed symmetrically and are properly distributed.
• INFORMAL BALANCE

  Includes a non

  symmetrical distribution of elements but is compensated in

  different aspects such as colors and lines.
• CONTRAST

  The arrangement of elements in an image may be done by combining elements with different properties and characteristics.
• PROPORTION

  This is the correlation of all the elements with one another. The practice of having proportion among the elements ensures balance and unity.
• RHYTHM

  • This describes the product of having the elements placed in harmony with one another.
  • Rhythm can be done by using patterns and by repeating various elements.
• ONLINE PLATFORMS AND APPLICATIONS

  The term "platform" refers to a program created by developers that can be modified or reprogrammed by outside users.