cell cycle

• Mitosis is the process by which a cell divides into two identical daughter cells, with chromosomes being pulled apart by spindle fibers attached to centromeres

  
• The cell cycle consists of four phases: G1 (cell growth), S (DNA replication), G2 (cell prepares for division), and M (cell division into two new cells), while apoptosis is the process of cell death

  
• The cell cycle is divided into four phases: G1 (cell growth), S (DNA replication), G2 (error checking and preparation for division), and M (cell division into two daughter cells)

  
• Meiosis is the process by which germ-line cells (eggs and sperm) are produced, involving two divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II) resulting in four haploid cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

  
• The cell cycle consists of four phases: G1 (cell growth), S (DNA replication), G2 (DNA error checking and preparation for mitosis), and M (cell division into two new cells)

  
• Representation of a cell in mitosis, the shortest phase in the cell cycle where the cell divides to form two daughter cells, subdivided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, followed by cytokinesis

  
• Mitosis is the process by which a cell divides into two identical daughter cells, with different stages from prophase to telophase

  
• The cell cycle and cyclins: cyclins bind to and activate cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) at different stages of the cell cycle to regulate progression in an orderly fashion

  
• The relationship between the cell cycle and mitosis: the cell cycle is the process of cell growth and division, while mitosis specifically involves the division of a cell into two identical daughter cells, with phases like prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

  
• The cell cycle consists of four phases: G1, S, G2, and M, where G1 is for growth, S for DNA replication, G2 for preparation for division, and M for cell division; apoptosis is the process of cell death

  
• The cell cycle is divided into four phases: G1, S, G2, and M, with specific activities in each phase like growth in G1, DNA replication in S, error checking in G2, and cell division in M

  
• Meiosis is the process by which germ-line cells are produced, reducing the chromosome number by half through two divisions, resulting in four haploid cells

  
• The cell cycle phases: G1 for growth, S for DNA replication, G2 for DNA damage check and mitosis preparation, and M for cell division

  
• Mitosis is depicted showing different stages from prophase to telophase, illustrating how a cell divides into two identical daughter cells

  
• The cell cycle and cyclins: cyclins bind to and activate cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) to regulate cell cycle progression, ensuring orderly cell division

  
• The relationship between the cell cycle and mitosis: the cell cycle is the process of cell growth and division, while mitosis specifically refers to the division of a cell into two identical daughter cells

  
• The cell cycle phases:

  • G1: cell growth and preparation for DNA replication
  • S: DNA replication
  • G2: error checking in DNA replication and preparation for cell division
  • M: cell division into two daughter cells

  
• Meiosis is the process by which germ-line cells are produced, reducing chromosome number by half through two divisions, resulting in four haploid cells

  
• Cyclins bind to and activate cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) at different stages of the cell cycle, ensuring orderly progression

  
• External signals like density-dependent inhibition and anchorage dependence regulate cell division
• Checkpoint controls ensure intact chromosomes and completion of critical cell cycle stages before proceeding to the next stage
• Checkpoint controls in cell-cycle regulation:

  1. Unreplicated-DNA checkpoint

  2. Spindle-assembly checkpoint

  3. Chromosome-segregation checkpoint

  4. DNA-damage checkpoint
• Tumor suppressor genes slow down cell division, control cell-cycle checkpoints, inhibit cell growth, and repair DNA damage
• The cell cycle consists of four phases: G1, S, G2, and M, where G1 is for growth, S for DNA replication, G2 for preparation for division, and M for cell division; apoptosis is a distinct process of cell death

  
• The cell cycle is divided into four phases: G1 (growth and preparation for DNA replication), S (DNA replication), G2 (error checking and preparation for division), and M (cell division into two daughter cells)

  
• Meiosis is a specialized cell division process that reduces the chromosome number by half, involving two divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II) resulting in the production of four haploid cells

  
• The cell cycle phases: G1 (growth and preparation for DNA replication), S (DNA replication), G2 (DNA damage check and preparation for mitosis), and M (cell division into two new cells)

  
• Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) control cell cycle progression, with cyclins activating CDKs to regulate protein phosphorylation and activity, ensuring orderly cell cycle progression

  
• Regulation of the cell cycle involves checkpoints like G1/S and G2, allowing time for DNA repair before replication or division, and response mechanisms like the S phase checkpoint slowing DNA synthesis upon damage
• Tumor suppressor genes like p53 and Rb play crucial roles in controlling cell division by regulating cell cycle checkpoints and apoptosis, preventing the growth of abnormal cells and tumor formation
• Anticancer drugs target the cell cycle, with some acting specifically on actively dividing cells in certain phases like S phase, G2 phase, or M phase, to inhibit cell division and growth
• Mitosis is the process by which a cell divides into two identical daughter cells, with spindle fibers pulling apart the chromosomes attached to centromeres

  
• The cell cycle consists of four phases: G1 (cell growth), S (DNA replication), G2 (preparation for division), and M (cell division), while apoptosis is the process of cell death

  
• Cyclins and CDKs control cell cycle progression, with specific cyclins active at different stages to ensure orderly progression

  
• <|> Representation of a cell in mitosis

  
• Regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity:

  • An active CDK-cyclin complex is inhibited by CDK inhibitor proteins
  • Reactivated by phosphorylation of the CDK inhibitor protein by protein kinase A (PKA)

  
• Table of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

  
• The cell cycle is the process by which a cell grows and divides, consisting of four phases: G1, S, G2, and M

  
• In the G1 phase, the cell grows and prepares for division

  
• The S phase is when the cell's DNA is replicated