conflict with spain

• What were the main causes of conflict between England and Spain?

  Political, religious, and commercial rivalry
• How did religious rivalry contribute to the conflict between England and Spain?

  Protestantism was seen as a threat by Spain
• Who was Philip II married to before Elizabeth I?

  Mary Tudor
• Why did Elizabeth I decline Philip II's proposal in 1558?

  She declined because he was Catholic
• What was the impact of Spanish control of the New World on English merchants?

  It denied them profit-making opportunities
• How did the political rivalry between England and Spain escalate in the Netherlands?

  Due to Spanish policy against Protestant revolts
• What event in 1567 escalated tensions in the Netherlands?

  The Duke of Alba brutally suppressed a revolt
• What assistance did England provide to the Dutch rebels by 1585?

  They provided assistance following the Treaty of Nonsuch
• What did Spain gain from conquering Mexico and Peru in the early 1500s?

  Vast amounts of gold and silver
• How did English sailors contribute to commercial rivalry with Spain?

  They explored and traded in Spanish claimed areas
• What was the effect of Spanish control of the Netherlands on English trade?

  It reduced English access to European markets
• What did the Treaty of Tordesillas grant to Spain and Portugal?

  The right to explore and trade in the New World
• How did English privateers like Hawkins and Drake impact Spain?

  They attacked Spanish treasure ships
• How much treasure did Drake return with after his circumnavigation?

  £400,000 of Spanish treasure
• What role did private investors play in English privateering?

  They funded expeditions for a share of treasure
• What did Elizabeth's knighting of Drake signify?

  Support for privateers and hostility towards Spain
• How did Philip II view English privateers like Drake?

  As pirates who threatened Spanish interests
• What was the size of the Spanish Armada in 1588?

  130 ships and 20,000 soldiers
• What was the Spanish strategy during naval battles?

  To board enemy ships for hand-to-hand combat
• Why were Spanish ships at a disadvantage against the English fleet?

  They could not sustain fire against English ships
• What was the significance of fireships in the English victory?

  They caused panic in the Spanish fleet
• What was the outcome of the storms during the Armada's journey?

  Many Spanish ships were destroyed
• How many soldiers were lost in the naval conflict?

  About 30,000 soldiers were lost
• What were the key advantages of the English navy over the Spanish by 1587?

  • Faster and more manoeuvrable ships
  • Improved ship designs by Mathew Baker
  • More cannons positioned on the sides
  • New cannons that could be reloaded quickly
  • Better sailing skills than the Spanish
• What were the reasons for the English victory over the Spanish Armada in 1588?

  1. Faster and more manoeuvrable English ships
  2. Use of fireships causing Spanish panic
  3. Storms damaging Spanish ships
  4. Spanish tactics were less effective at sea