Cells

• Cell


  The basic building block in the structure and function of living things
• Cell membrane


  The membrane bounding the cell which controls what enters and leaves the cell
• Cytoplasm 


  The jelly like contents of the cell where chemical reactions take place
• Nucleus 


  The control Centre of the cell which contains genetic material- Chromosomes and DNA.
• Nuclear Membrane 


  The membrane surrounding the nucleus
• Chromosomes 


  Genetic structures found in the nucleus
• Mitochondria 


  Structures in the cytoplasm where cellular respiration takes place
• Cell wall 


  A layer outside the cell membrane of a pilant, bacterial and fungal cell which provides support
• Chloroplasts 


  A structure in the cytoplasm of plant cells which contains chlorophyll
• Vacuole 


  A liquid filled space in the cytoplasm of a cell which is large and permanent in plant cells
• Bacteria 


  A group of microorganisms which have a cell wall without cellulose and no nucleus
• Plasmid 


  A small circular ring of DNA in a bacterium
• Epidermis 


  An outer layer of cells
• Specialised cells 


  A cell that has adaptations for a particular function
• Organisms made up using only one cell are unicellular

  Most organisms are made up of many cells they are multicellular
• Animal cell 


  1.Chromosomes (DNA)

  2. Nuclear membrane

  3. Nucleus

  4. Cytoplasm

  5. Cell membrane

  6. Mitochondria

  
• Plant cell


  1.Vacuole 2. Nuclear membrane

  3. Nucleus

  4. Chromosomes

  5. Cell wall

  6. Cell membrane

  7. Cytoplasm

  8. Chloroplasts

  9. Mitochondria

  
• Bacteria cell


  1.Flagella (tail)

  2. Plasmid (circle of DNA)

  3. Ribosomes (makes protein)

  4. Free floating DNA

  5. Slime capsule

  6. Cell wall (non cellulose)(protein)

  7. Cell membrane

  8. Cytoplasm

  
• Microscope 


  1.Eyepiece lens 2. Objective lens

  3. Stage

  4. Light

  5. Coarse focus wheel

  6. Fine focus wheel

  
• Making a slide of onion cells 


  1.Clean slide with paper towel (no dust or fingerprints) 2. Add a drop of water to the slide (allows you to flatten onion)

  3. Peel off onion epidermis (with forceps)

  4. Place onion epidermis on water drop and flatten (stops onion sticking to the slide)

  5. Add a drop iodine (stain)

  6. Add a cover slip

  
• If you were preparing a temporary slide of an animal cell what chemical would you use?

  Methylene blue
• Palisade mesophyll (plant)


  Function: Absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis

  Adaptation: Contains many chloroplasts tightly packed on upper side of leaf

  1: Vacuole

  2. Nucleus

  3. Cell wall

  4. Cell membrane

  5. Cytoplasm

  6. Chloroplasts

  
• Sperm cell (animal)


  Function: To swim to the egg and fertilise it

  Adaptation: Tail- swim, has half the chromosomes (23) required to make a new life, stream lined, head can burrow into egg, many mitochondria for energy

  1: Nucleus

  2. Acrosome

  3. Head

  4. Tail

  
• Root hair cell (plant)


  Function: Absorbs water and minerals from soil, the anchore keeps plant in soil

  Adaptation: Long extension, large surface area, no chloroplasts as is found underground and does not photosynthesise

  1: Vacuole

  2. Extension (root hair)

  3. Cellulose cell wall

  
• Ciliated epithelial cell (animal)


  Function: Traps dirt and dust in throat - also more mucus, prevents dust getting into lungs

  Adaptation: Cilia - waft mucus in throat, large surface area, can trigger a cough if mucus or dust builds up

  1: Nucleus

  2. Cilia

  
• Red blood cell(animal)

  Function: carry oxygen to all respiring cells

  Adaptation: Biconcave shape - large surface area, contains haemoglobin and iron (Fe²+), no nuclues- more space to carry O2

  
• Nerve cell (neuron)(animal)


  Function: Carry electrical impulses round the nervous system (brain & spinal cord)

  Adaptation: insulated, long, carries electricity, can be recorded- ECG on heart

  1: Cell membrane

  2. Insulation (Myelin Sheath)

  3. Axon

  4. Cytoplasm

  5. Nucleus

  
• 1: Atoms

  2. Molecules

  3. Cells

  4. Tissues (eg epithelium)

  5. Organ (eg stomach)

  6. Organ system (eg digestive system)

  7. Organism

  
• Tissues - A group of similar cells is called tissue. A group of muscle cells will form muscle tissue. A group of nerve cells will form nervous tissue

  Organs - An organ is made up of different tissues. These work together to do a particular job. Your heart is an organ. Organs work together in organ systems
• Digestive system


  Main organs - stomach, intestines

  Function of organ system - to break large insouluable food molecules into small souluable molecules to be absorbed into your blood
• Respiratory system 


  Main organs - Lungs, trachea Function of organ system - To allow O2 to pass into the body and Co2 to pass out of the body
• Skeletal and muscular system 


  Main organs - muscle, bones Function of organ system - to allow movement and support
• Circulatory system 


  Main organs - heart, arteries, veins Function of organ system - to transport blood around the body and help support infections
• Excretory system


  Main organs - kidney, bladder, liver Function of organ system - to maintain water balance and to remove poisonous waste from the body
• Reproductive system 


  Main organs - Testes, ovaries, penis, uterus Function of organ system - to fertilise an egg cell and create an offspring
• Nervous system 


  Main organs - brain, spinal cord, neurons Function of organ system - to allow body to react and respond to stimuli