Sports Med Exam 1

Cards (102)

  • Relationships between Genetics, Heredity, Variation, and Chromosomes:
    • Genetics: study of genes and heredity
    • Heredity: passing of traits from parents to offspring
    • Variation: differences in traits among individuals of the same species
    • Chromosomes: structures in cells that contain genetic information
  • Characteristics of asexual reproduction:
    • Definition: reproduction without the involvement of gametes
    • Examples: budding in yeast, binary fission in bacteria
    • Advantages: rapid reproduction, no need for a mate
    • Limitations: lack of genetic diversity
  • Characteristics of sexual reproduction:
    • Definition: reproduction involving the fusion of gametes
    • Examples: humans, animals, plants
    • Advantages: genetic diversity, adaptation to changing environments
    • Limitations: slower reproduction, need for a mate
  • Human Life Cycle:
    • Chromosome Number:
    • Diploid: cells have two sets of chromosomes
    • Haploid: cells have one set of chromosomes
    • Gametes:
    • Sperm: male gamete
    • Egg: female gamete
    • Fertilization: fusion of sperm and egg to form a zygote
  • Meiosis I stages:
    • Prophase I: includes synapsis (tetrad formation) and chiasma
    • Metaphase I: chromosome alignment
    • Anaphase I: tetrad separation and fate of duplicate chromosomes
    • Telophase I: characteristics and cytokinesis
  • Meiosis II stages:
    • Prophase II
    • Metaphase II
    • Anaphase II
    • Telophase II
    • Cytokinesis
  • Comparison of Meiosis and Mitosis:
    • DNA Replication
    • Number of Divisions
    • Synapsis
    • Number of Daughter Cells
    • Ploidy Levels
    • Importances and Uses
  • Sexual Sources of Genetic Variation:
    • Independent Assortment of Chromosomes: random alignment of chromosomes during meiosis I
    • Crossing Over: exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
    • Random Fertilization: random fusion of gametes, increasing genetic diversity
  • Mendel's Laws of Genetics:
    1. Law of Segregation: during gamete formation, the alleles for each gene segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene.
    2. Law of Independent Assortment: genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other
  • Probability in genetics is used to predict the likelihood of certain traits or genotypes appearing in offspring
  • Basic Mendelian crosses and genetic terminology:
    • Alleles
    • Dominant
    • Recessive
    • Homozygous
    • Heterozygous
    • Genotype
    • Phenotype
  • Extensions of Mendelian genetics and their effect on inheritance patterns:
    • Complete dominance (e.g., Mendel's pea plants)
    • Incomplete dominance (e.g., snapdragons)
    • Codominance (e.g., red spotted white rose flowers, AB blood type)
    • Multiple alleles (e.g., blood types)
    • Epistasis
  • Human traits that exhibit Mendelian inheritance patterns are traits that are controlled by a single gene with two alleles, one dominant and one recessive
  • Mendel's Law of Segregation:
    • Monohybrid cross:
    • 3:1 phenotypic ratio
    • 1:2:1 genotypic ratio
  • Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment:
    • Dihybrid crosses:
    • 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio
  • Pedigree Analysis is a tool used to trace the inheritance of a particular trait through multiple generations of a family
  • Mendel's Laws of Genetics:
    1. Law of Segregation: during gamete formation, the alleles for each gene segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene.
    2. Law of Independent Assortment: genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other
  • Probability in genetics is used to predict the likelihood of certain traits or genotypes appearing in offspring
  • Basic Mendelian crosses involve:
    • Monohybrid cross: a genetic cross involving one trait
    • Dihybrid cross: a genetic cross involving two traits
  • Extensions of Mendelian genetics include:
    • Complete dominance (e.g., Mendel's pea plants)
    • Incomplete dominance (e.g., snapdragons)
    • Codominance (e.g., red spotted white rose flowers, AB blood type)
    • Multiple alleles (e.g., blood types)
    • Epistasis
  • Human traits that exhibit Mendelian inheritance patterns can be identified through pedigree analysis
  • Basic Terminology:
    • Alleles
    • Dominant
    • Recessive
    • Homozygous
    • Heterozygous
    • Genotype
    • Phenotype
  • Mendel’s Law of Segregation:
    • Monohybrid cross results in a 3:1 phenotypic ratio and a 1:2:1 genotypic ratio
  • Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment:
    • Dihybrid crosses result in a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio
  • Pedigree Analysis is used to trace the inheritance of traits through generations within a family
  • SOAP notes
    S: subjective
    O: objective
    A: assessment
    P: plan
  • Subjective (SOAP)
    • Information provided by patient, family, or other
    • Reports of weight loss or gain
    Pertinent socioeconomic information, cultural information, work schedule, etc.
    • Level of physical activity
    • Significant nutritional history (usual eating pattern, cooking, dining out)
    • Work schedule

    _____________________________________
    Taking a patient's history.
    Looking at
    "Old Carts"

    Onset
    Location
    Duration
    Character (sharp, dull)
    Alleviating/aggravating factors
    Radiation (is there pain radiating)
    Temporal Pattern
    Severity
  • Objective (SOAP)
    Factual, reproducible observations
    Diagnosis
    • Height, weight, age--and documented weight gain/loss patterns
    Clinical data (diarrhea, abdominal dissension, etc.)
    Diet order
    • Pertinent medications
    Estimation of nutritional needs


    this is the physical examination, and is quantative data
  • Assessment (SOAP)

    The evaluation or estimation of the nature, quality, or ability of someone or something
  • prognosis
    a prediction of the course of a disease or condition
  • signs of exertional heat stroke
    -skin is hot, sweaty, red
    -athlete is mentally confused/aggressive
    -elevated temperature
    -profuse sweating
    -strong, fast pulse (>160)
    -Falling BP
    -Elevated core temp (104 degrees F or higher)
    -Convulsions
    -Athlete may faint or go unconscious
  • 2 things that help you identify the patient is having an exertional heat stroke (EHS)
    rectal temp >104
    Cognitive impairment (CNC-central nervous system changes)
  • treatment of heat stroke
    call EMS, take rectal temperature, cool body rapidly by immersing victim in full ice water bath or placing icepacks where large blood vessels are; only give food/water if not vomiting
  • Signs of heat cramps
    -pain
    -profuse sweating
    -involuntary cramping of muscles
  • treatment of heat cramps
    -stretch immediately
    -move athlete to a cooler location
    -push fluids (water/electrolyte/sodium drinks)
    -have patient stretch, apply ice, massage
    -monitor athlete for signs of other heat/illness problems
  • signs of heat exhaustion
    -cool, moist, pale skin
    -headache, lightheadedness, dizziness
    -profuse sweating
    -fast/shallow breathing
    -weak but rapid pulse
    -dilated pupils
    -nausea/vomiting
    -muscle cramps
    -fatigue
    -conscious but fainting may occur
    -watch for signs of shock
  • treatment of heat exhaustion
    -remove athlete from activity
    -remove excessive clothing and equipment
    -assess vital signs
    -start reducing the athlete's temp immediately by applying ice bags to large arteries
    -cool body with ice towels
    -Push fluids (water/electrolyte drinks)
  • supplies needed to treat heat illness
    -water
    -ice
    -electrolyte drinks
    -cooling equipment: ice bags, ice bath, water
    -stethoscope/BP cuff
    -rectal thermometer
    -watch to take vital signs
  • preventing heat illness
    -Pre-hydration, rehydration
    -Acclimatization (1-2 weeks)
    -Pre-participation physical exam
    -Wear loose fitting clothing
    -Use weight charts
    -Monitor environmental conditions (WBGT)
    -Adequate Rest
    -High electrolyte intake
    -Awareness of ongoing illnesses/or conditions
    -Be able to do first aid
  • PPE
    personal protective equipment
    (gloves, gown, mask, goggles)