Sports Med Exam 1

• Relationships between Genetics, Heredity, Variation, and Chromosomes:

  • Genetics: study of genes and heredity
  • Heredity: passing of traits from parents to offspring
  • Variation: differences in traits among individuals of the same species
  • Chromosomes: structures in cells that contain genetic information
• Characteristics of asexual reproduction:

  • Definition: reproduction without the involvement of gametes
  • Examples: budding in yeast, binary fission in bacteria
  • Advantages: rapid reproduction, no need for a mate
  • Limitations: lack of genetic diversity
• Characteristics of sexual reproduction:

  • Definition: reproduction involving the fusion of gametes
  • Examples: humans, animals, plants
  • Advantages: genetic diversity, adaptation to changing environments
  • Limitations: slower reproduction, need for a mate
• Human Life Cycle:

  • Chromosome Number:
  • Diploid: cells have two sets of chromosomes
  • Haploid: cells have one set of chromosomes
  • Gametes:
  • Sperm: male gamete
  • Egg: female gamete
  • Fertilization: fusion of sperm and egg to form a zygote
• Meiosis I stages:

  • Prophase I: includes synapsis (tetrad formation) and chiasma
  • Metaphase I: chromosome alignment
  • Anaphase I: tetrad separation and fate of duplicate chromosomes
  • Telophase I: characteristics and cytokinesis
• Meiosis II stages:

  • Prophase II
  • Metaphase II
  • Anaphase II
  • Telophase II
  • Cytokinesis
• Comparison of Meiosis and Mitosis:

  • DNA Replication
  • Number of Divisions
  • Synapsis
  • Number of Daughter Cells
  • Ploidy Levels
  • Importances and Uses
• Sexual Sources of Genetic Variation:

  • Independent Assortment of Chromosomes: random alignment of chromosomes during meiosis I
  • Crossing Over: exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
  • Random Fertilization: random fusion of gametes, increasing genetic diversity
• Mendel's Laws of Genetics:

  1. Law of Segregation: during gamete formation, the alleles for each gene segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene.

  2. Law of Independent Assortment: genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other
• Probability in genetics is used to predict the likelihood of certain traits or genotypes appearing in offspring
• Basic Mendelian crosses and genetic terminology:

  • Alleles
  • Dominant
  • Recessive
  • Homozygous
  • Heterozygous
  • Genotype
  • Phenotype
• Extensions of Mendelian genetics and their effect on inheritance patterns:

  • Complete dominance (e.g., Mendel's pea plants)
  • Incomplete dominance (e.g., snapdragons)
  • Codominance (e.g., red spotted white rose flowers, AB blood type)
  • Multiple alleles (e.g., blood types)
  • Epistasis
• Human traits that exhibit Mendelian inheritance patterns are traits that are controlled by a single gene with two alleles, one dominant and one recessive
• Mendel's Law of Segregation:

  • Monohybrid cross:
  • 3:1 phenotypic ratio
  • 1:2:1 genotypic ratio
• Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment:

  • Dihybrid crosses:
  • 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio
• Pedigree Analysis is a tool used to trace the inheritance of a particular trait through multiple generations of a family
• Mendel's Laws of Genetics:

  1. Law of Segregation: during gamete formation, the alleles for each gene segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene.

  2. Law of Independent Assortment: genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other
• Probability in genetics is used to predict the likelihood of certain traits or genotypes appearing in offspring
• Basic Mendelian crosses involve:

  • Monohybrid cross: a genetic cross involving one trait
  • Dihybrid cross: a genetic cross involving two traits
• Extensions of Mendelian genetics include:

  • Complete dominance (e.g., Mendel's pea plants)
  • Incomplete dominance (e.g., snapdragons)
  • Codominance (e.g., red spotted white rose flowers, AB blood type)
  • Multiple alleles (e.g., blood types)
  • Epistasis
• Human traits that exhibit Mendelian inheritance patterns can be identified through pedigree analysis
• Basic Terminology:

  • Alleles
  • Dominant
  • Recessive
  • Homozygous
  • Heterozygous
  • Genotype
  • Phenotype
• Mendel’s Law of Segregation:

  • Monohybrid cross results in a 3:1 phenotypic ratio and a 1:2:1 genotypic ratio
• Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment:

  • Dihybrid crosses result in a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio
• Pedigree Analysis is used to trace the inheritance of traits through generations within a family
• SOAP notes

  S: subjective

  O: objective

  A: assessment

  P: plan
• Subjective (SOAP)

  • Information provided by patient, family, or other

  • Reports of weight loss or gain

  • Pertinent socioeconomic information, cultural information, work schedule, etc.

  • Level of physical activity

  • Significant nutritional history (usual eating pattern, cooking, dining out)

  • Work schedule

  
  

  _____________________________________

  Taking a patient's history.

  Looking at

  "Old Carts"

  
  

  Onset

  Location

  Duration

  Character (sharp, dull)

  Alleviating/aggravating factors

  Radiation (is there pain radiating)

  Temporal Pattern

  Severity
• Objective (SOAP)

  • Factual, reproducible observations

  • Diagnosis

  • Height, weight, age--and documented weight gain/loss patterns

  • Clinical data (diarrhea, abdominal dissension, etc.)

  • Diet order

  • Pertinent medications

  • Estimation of nutritional needs

  
  

  
  

  this is the physical examination, and is quantative data
• Assessment (SOAP)


  The evaluation or estimation of the nature, quality, or ability of someone or something
• prognosis


  a prediction of the course of a disease or condition
• signs of exertional heat stroke

  -skin is hot, sweaty, red

  -athlete is mentally confused/aggressive

  -elevated temperature

  -profuse sweating

  -strong, fast pulse (>160)

  -Falling BP

  -Elevated core temp (104 degrees F or higher)

  -Convulsions

  -Athlete may faint or go unconscious
• 2 things that help you identify the patient is having an exertional heat stroke (EHS)

  rectal temp >104

  Cognitive impairment (CNC-central nervous system changes)
• treatment of heat stroke

  call EMS, take rectal temperature, cool body rapidly by immersing victim in full ice water bath or placing icepacks where large blood vessels are; only give food/water if not vomiting
• Signs of heat cramps

  -pain

  -profuse sweating

  -involuntary cramping of muscles
• treatment of heat cramps

  -stretch immediately

  -move athlete to a cooler location

  -push fluids (water/electrolyte/sodium drinks)

  -have patient stretch, apply ice, massage

  -monitor athlete for signs of other heat/illness problems
• signs of heat exhaustion


  -cool, moist, pale skin

  -headache, lightheadedness, dizziness

  -profuse sweating

  -fast/shallow breathing

  -weak but rapid pulse

  -dilated pupils

  -nausea/vomiting

  -muscle cramps

  -fatigue

  -conscious but fainting may occur

  -watch for signs of shock
• treatment of heat exhaustion

  -remove athlete from activity

  -remove excessive clothing and equipment

  -assess vital signs

  -start reducing the athlete's temp immediately by applying ice bags to large arteries

  -cool body with ice towels

  -Push fluids (water/electrolyte drinks)
• supplies needed to treat heat illness

  -water

  -ice

  -electrolyte drinks

  -cooling equipment: ice bags, ice bath, water

  -stethoscope/BP cuff

  -rectal thermometer

  -watch to take vital signs
• preventing heat illness

  -Pre-hydration, rehydration

  -Acclimatization (1-2 weeks)

  -Pre-participation physical exam

  -Wear loose fitting clothing

  -Use weight charts

  -Monitor environmental conditions (WBGT)

  -Adequate Rest

  -High electrolyte intake

  -Awareness of ongoing illnesses/or conditions

  -Be able to do first aid
• PPE

  personal protective equipment

  (gloves, gown, mask, goggles)