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• Natural Hazard


  Any natural process that is a potential threat to human life and property
• What are types of hazards?

  Atmospheric (heatwaves)

  Geological (earthquake)

  Flooding Bursts (tsunami)
• Factors affecting hazard risk

  urbanisation, poverty, farming, climate change
• Constructive plates


  Two plates move apart, magma forces way along gap and causes earthquake, erupted lava cools and forms volcano
• Ecotourism


  The practice of using an area's natural environment to attract tourists which is sustainable and won't damage area
• What is the plate tectonics theory?

  The movement of the plates, and the activity inside the Earth, is called the theory of plate tectonics.
• Destructive plate


  Two plates moving towards one another, oceanic plate subducts under continental plate and friction causes melting of oceanic plate, triggers earthquake
• Conservative plate


  Two plates moving alongside, friction can send shockwaves causing earthquakes
• Where are volcanoes distributed?

  Coastline and tectonic plate boundaries
• Where are earthquakes distributed?

  Coastline and tectonic plate boundaries
• Chile HIC earthquake

  27th feb 2010, 8.8 Richter scale, caused on destructive plate margin

  PE- 500 deaths, Santiago airport damaged

  SE- 1500km road damaged by landslide

  IR- Emergency service floating bridge, field hospitals

  LTR- President said 4 years to recover
• Nepal LIC earthquake

  25th april 2015, 7.9 Richter scale, caused by collision of eurasian and Australian plate

  PE- 3 mil homeless, 9000 deaths, 20 000 injuries

  SE- Avalanche 250 missing

  IR- Social media search, field hospitals

  LTR- Homeless rehoused, tourist site reopened
• Why would people live next to natural hazards?

  Rarity of volcano explosion, poverty, fertile flood plain soils
• Management strategies to reduce risk from tectonic hazard

  Monitoring- using scientific equipment to detect warning

  Prediction- historical events

  Protection- designing buildings

  Planning- identifying and avoiding places at risk
• Formation of a storm

  27 degrees water, close to equator, warm ocean heats air causing it to rise, water evaporates from hot surface, so rising air contains water vapour, air starts to spin, eye is calm
• Where do storms form?

  5-15 degrees north and south of equator because there is not enough spin from the rotation of the earth elsewhere
• What 3 features can climate change effect in a storm?

  Distribution, frequency, intensity
• What are weather hazards?

  extreme weather events
• Typhoon Haiyan


  November 2013, category 5, Philippines

  PE- Tacloban airport damage

  SE- Looting and violence

  IR- Red cross gave food

  LTR- rebuild infrastructure
• Somerset Levels Flood

  Jan 2014 South West, caused by wettest Jan and low pressure driven across Atlantic ocean

  Social- 16 evacuated farms, no power

  Economic- £10m

  Environmental- Debris to be cleared

  IR- Villagers used boats to be evacuated

  LTR- £20m action plan to prevent flood by government
• how does dam construction prevent floods?

  Water is held back in a dam and released in a controlled way, is expensive, makes hydroelectric power, agricultural land lost
• How does river engineering prevent floods?

  River may be widened or deepened to carry more water or straightened to flow faster, altering could lead to flood downstream
• Afforestation (preventing flooding)


  Trees planted to increase interception of rain water
• Managed flooding (preventing flooding)


  River floods naturally in places to prevent areas like settlements being flooded
• Evidence of climate change

  Rising sea level of 10-20cm in 100 years, seasonal change eg flowering takes place at a different time, shrinking glaciers most will be gone by 2035
• Causes of climate change- natural

  -Orbital changes

  -Solar activity (heat output varies)

  -Volcanic activity (ash)
• Causes of climate change- human

  -Burning fossil fuels and realising co2 -deforestation
• Effects of climate change on people

  Can bring weather hazards and take lives or property. eg rainfall brings mosquitoes and malaria
• Managing climate change

  Carbon capture and storage technology to capture co2 from burning fossil fuels, using alternative energy resources, planting trees, international agreement
• What is an ecosystem?

  An area involving interaction between biotic and abiotic components
• Primary producer


  Organisms that produce energy available for other organisms to eat eg plants and photosynthesis