GENBIO (3RD QTR)

• DNA TECHNOLOGY - laboratory technicque for isolating puryfying, sequencing and analyzing, and manipulating DNA sequences
• GENETIC ENGINEERING - use of DNA technology to modify the genome (all genetic information) of a cell or organism in a targeted way to alter its phenotype (physical characteristics)
• BIOTECHNOLOGY - use of biological systems or living organisms to make or modify products or processes for a specific purpose

  ex: fermentation, paggawa ng beer
• GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM - process by which pieces of dna or rna are transferred from one organism to another through artificial manipulation
• TRANSGENIC ORGANISM - genetically altered organism that has a gene in its genome—a transgene—from another organism
• PCR is used for DNA amplification (creating copies of a DNA fragment) and for gene cloning
• PRIMERS are for short single stranded DNA designed to isolate the sequence of interest
• DENATURATION - dna is heated to unzip o seperate two dna strands
• genetics - is the scientific study of genes and heredity—of how certain qualities or traits are passed from parents to offspring as a result of changes in DNA sequence.
• NUCLEOTIDES ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF DNA
• COMPONENTS OF A NUCLEOTIDE

  • One five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose)

  • One phosphate group

  • One of four nitrogenous bases (A, G, T, C)
• Polynucleotide forms the Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) in our cells.
• Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C) are pyrimidines, built from a single

  carbon-nitrogen ring.
• Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) are purines, built from a pair of fused

  carbon-nitrogen rings.
• Deoxyribose sugars are linked by phosphate groups in an alternating pattern, forming a sugar-phosphate backbone
• The entire linkage is a phosphodiester bond
• gene - is a DNA sequence that codes for a particular protein and ultimately causes the expression of certain traits.
• The ‘Central Dogma’ is the process by which the instructions in DNA

  are converted into a functional product (proteins).
• REPLICATION

  During this, each of the two strands that make up the double helix serves as a template from which new strands are copied. The new strand will be complementary to the parental or “old” strand. Each new double strand consists of one parental strand and one new daughter strand
• TRANSCRIPTION

  In transcription, the information in the DNA of every cell is converted into small, portable RNA messages or mRNA. This transcription process happens in the nucleus of every cell.
• TRANSLATION

  During translation, these messages (in the form of mRNA) travel from where the DNA is in the cell nucleus to the ribosomes where they are ‘read’ to make specific amino acids (proteins)
• The B-globin gene codes for one of the protein components of hemoglobin found in red blood cells.
• CODON - a group of three RNA base pairs that codes for a specific amino acid
• MISSENSE MUTATION - a type of gene mutation that causes a different amino acid to be expressed
• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is essentially artificial DNA replication. Through this technique, a large number of copies of a specific DNA sequence (like a gene) is produced
• Restriction Enzymes or (restriction endonucleases) are a type of protein that can cut DNA at specific locations,
• The protein product of a transgene is a recombinant protein.
• The CRISPR-CAs9 system is a programmable RNA-guided genome engineering tool that can make specific changes to DNA sequences, like genes.
• CRISPR (CLUSTERS OF REGULARLY INTERSPERSED SHORT PALINDROMIC REPEATS)
• POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

  This is a DNA technique that produces an extremely large number of

  copies of a specific DNA sequence without having to clone the sequence in a host organism
• Annealing: The DNA is cooled to allow the primers to bind to the target DNA region.
• Extension: An enzyme called Taq polymerase extends the bonded primer to make new complementary copies of the two template strands.
• the scientific study of genes and heredity of how certain qualities or traits are passed from parents to offspring as a result of changes in dna sequence.

  GENETICS
• building blocks of dna

  NUCLEOTIDES
• forms the Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) in our cells.

  POLYNUCLEOTIDE
• are thymine and cytosine purines or pyrimidines?

  pyrimidines
• are adenine and guanine purine or pyrimidine

  purine
• URACIL PAIRS WITH?

  ADENINE
• THYMINE PAIRS WITH?

  ADENINE
• CYTOSINE PAIRS WITH?

  GUANINE