Bio 100 Exam 2

• haploid means having one set of chromosomes, diploid means having two sets of chromosomes
• the function of haploid cells are to produce gametes and the function of diploid cells are to produce somatic cells
• if a cell is a haploid cell, it has one set of chromosomes
• diploid means having two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent
• diploid cells are a type of cell that has two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent
• the function of diploid cells is to produce haploid gametes and form the zygote
• genes are found on chromosomes and are made of DNA
• alleles are different versions of the same gene, they are different versions of the same gene. you can have two alleles for a gene
• pmat stands for prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
• cytokinesis is the process of cell division in which the cytoplasm divides to form two daughter cells.
• g1 phase is when the cell grows and prepares for mitosis
• s phase of cell reproduction is when the cell grows and duplicates its DNA and organelles
• g2 phase is when the cell is preparing to divide and the DNA is replicated
• interphase is when the cell is growing and preparing for mitosis
• check points in cell division are important because they prevent cells from dividing too much or too little
• apoptosis is the programmed cell death of a cell that is damaged or infected
• the phases of meiosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. They go in cycles one and two
• crossing over is important for genetic diversity because it allows for the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes
• during meiosis, crossing over begins during the phase of prophase 1
• if both alleles are the same, the trait is dominant
• if both alleles are different, the trait is not dominant
• alleles can be dominant and recessive
• the long strands of dna fit into cells by the hydrogen bonds between the phosphate groups
• The difference in the ribose of RNA and deoxyribose of DNA is that RNA has a phosphate group attached to the 2' carbon
• the three kinds of rna are called mrna, tRNA, and rna
• mRna is a single stranded molecule that is complementary to the DNA template strand
• tRNA is a ribonucleotide that carries amino acids to the ribosome
• RNA is a single stranded molecule that is used to make proteins
• Three major functions of DNA: Genetic material, Control of cellular activities, and Protection of the cell
• DNA letter codes are A, T, C, and G, and the triplet codes for amino acids
• the cause of mutation can be: radiation, chemicals, viruses, and UV light
• mutations are not always lethal
• polymerase is an enzyme that replicates DNA
• the first cloned animal was Dolly the sheep in 1996
• we don't see hundreds of cloned animals in a farmyard because they are expensive to produce and they are not suitable for human consumption
• gene therapy uses viruses to deliver genes to cells to treat genetic disorders
• genetic engineering involves inserting DNA from one organism into another using recombinant DNA technology
• GMOs modify the traits and genes to make them desirable
• genomics are used in forensic analysis by comparing DNA from a suspect to DNA from a crime scene
• metagenomics involves sequencing the DNA of microbes in a sample and comparing it to the DNA of other microbes