Plant Cell Cycle

• mitosis - division for somatic/body cells
• the daughter of mitosis is diploid
• mitosis has 1 round of division
• meiosis - reproductive/sex/gametes cells
• the daughter of meiosis is haploid
• meiosis has 2 rounds of division
• interphase is a preparatory stage
• G1 - protein synthesis, translation, transcription
• transcription - process by which the messenger from RNA-DNA (Euchromatin)
• karyokinesis - division of nucleus
• cytokinesis - division of cytoplasm
• G0 - in this stage, cells are resting
• purpose of checkpoints is to prevent bad mutation
• G1 is S checkpoint
• G2 is M checkpoint
• during G1 - chromosome are not visible, rapidly growing, syntheisizng proteins
• S stage - synthesis - chromosome replicated to form sister chromatids connected by a centromere
• G2 - cell is growing and producing proteins needed for mitosis
• mitosis - cell divides nucleus followed by cytoplasm, results in identical daughter cells
• goal of mitosis is to make sure that each daughter cells gets a perfect, full set of chromosomes
• prophase - nuclear membrane disappears
• prophase - chromatin materials become tightly-coiled as it condenses
• prophase - condensed chromosomes appear as 2 sister chromatids tied by a centromere
• prophase - mitotic spindle form in cytoplasm
• metaphase - centrioles finally reached poles
• metaphase - chromosomes assemble at metaphase plate
• metaphase - centromeres of sister chromatids face opposite poles
• metaphase - spindle fibers are very abundant during this stage
• anaphase - starts when paired centromeres separate
• anaphase - sister chromatids are now considered a full-fledged chromosome
• anaphase - sister chromatids move along microtubules at the point of attachment
• anaphase - at the end, 2 poles have an equal and complete set of chromosome
• telophase - daughter nuclei form at the 2 poles of cell
• telophase - nuclear membrane starts to reappear and are reconstructed
• telophase - nucleoli reappear and chromatin fibers uncoils
• telophase - karyokinesis is complete
• telophase - last part of mitosis
• sport gene is in 24th chromosome
• centrioles are rarely found among plant cells
• allium cepa has 16 chromomes