DOT 1

• This involve injecting into one compartment of the body a substance that absorbs x-rays either less than or more than the surrounding tissue. The injected substance then heightens the contrast between the compartment and the surrounding tissue during x-ray photograph

  Contrast x-ray techniques
• This uses the infusion of a radio-opaque dye into a cerebral artery to visualize the cerebral circulatory system during x-ray photography. These are most useful for localizing vascular damage, but the displacement of blood vessels from their normal position also can indicate the location of a tumor.

  cerebral angiography
• A computer-assisted x-ray procedure that can be used to visualize the brain and other internal structures of the living body. During this, the neurological patient lies with his or her head positioned in the center of a large cylinder.

  Computed Tomography
• The first brain-imaging technique to provide images of brain activity (functional brain images) rather than images of brain structure (structural brain images).

  Positron emission tomography (PET)
• In one common version of PET, radioactive fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is injected into the patient’s carotid artery
• ions or molecules that bind to other molecules

  ligands
• A structural brain-imaging procedure in which high-resolution images are constructed from the measurement of radio-frequency waves that hydrogen atoms emit as they align with a powerful magnetic field.

  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• the ability to detect and represent differences in spatial location

  spatial resolution
• A method of identifying those pathways along which water molecules rapidly diffuse

  Diffusion tensor MRI
• This produces images representing the increase in oxygenated blood flow to active areas of the brain.

  Functional MRI (fMRI)
• The signal recorded by fMRI.

  BOLD signal (blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal)
• A new imaging technique that uses ultrasound (sound waves of a higher frequency than we can hear) to measure changes in blood volume in particular brain regions.

  Functional ultrasound imaging (fUS)
• A technique that can be used to turn off an area of human cortex by creating a magnetic field under a coil positioned next to the skull.

  Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
• A technique that can be used to stimulate (“turn on”) an area of the cortex by applying an electrical current through two electrodes placed directly on the scalp.

  Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES)
• a technique that, like tES and TMS, can be used to activate particular brain structures.

  Transcranial ultrasound stimulation (tUS)
• methods of recording physiological activity from the surface of the human body

  psychophysiological recording methods
• The technique used when the encephalogram is measured through large electrodes by a device called an electroencephalograph.

  electroencephalography (EEG)
• Regular, 8- to 12-per-second, high-amplitude waves that are associated with relaxed wakefulness.

  alpha waves
• Psychophysiologists are often more interested in the EEG waves that accompany certain psychological events than in the background EEG signal. These accompanying EEG waves are generally referred to as

  event-related potentials (ERPs).
• The change in the cortical EEG signal elicited by the momentary presentation of a sensory stimulus.

  sensory evoked potential