21ST CENLIT

• Speculative fiction is a literary genre that includes elements of fantasy, science fiction, and horror, changing the laws of what's real or possible in our current society
• Speculative fiction can be classified into fantasy, science fiction, horror, and stories that fall between genre boundaries that are difficult to categorize
• Subgenres of speculative fiction include utopia, dystopia, false utopia, alternate history, apocalyptic, post-apocalyptic, superhero, and supernatural
• Philippine speculative fiction unites fantasy, horror, and science fiction under a Philippine identity and a coherent Filipino aesthetic
• Post-colonialism is a movement that came after colonialism, questioning previous assumptions and rejecting detrimental effects of the colonizing culture
• Neo-colonialism involves economic and political policies by which a great power indirectly maintains or extends its influence over areas or people
• Feminism in Philippine literature aims to eliminate oppression, domination, and hierarchy in all manifestations, allowing others to make choices that affirm them and their perspectives
• Reading strategies for analyzing texts include summarizing, annotating, responding, and contextualizing to understand the historical, cultural, or biographical context of the text
• Speculative Fiction - Literary genre which encompasses a number of different genres of fiction, each with speculative elements that are based on conjecture and do not exist in the real world
• Fantasy - Includes elements and beings originating from or inspired by traditional stories such as mythical creatures
• Science Fiction - Features technologies and other elements that do not exist in real life but may be supposed to be created or discovered in the future through scientific advancement
• Horror - Terrifying stories that incite fear
• Utopia- Takes place in a highly desirable and problem free society
• Dystopia - Takes place in a highly undesirable society
• False Utopia - Switch tactic where everything seems perfect on the surface
• Alternate History - Focuses on historical events as if they happened in a different way
• Apocalyptic - Takes place before and during a massive worldwide catastrophe
• Post-Apocalyptic - Focuses on groups of survivors after a massive worldwide disaster
• Superhero - Centers on superheroes and their fight against evil forces
• Supernatural - Exploits or requires some contradictions of the commonplace natural world
• Post Colonialism - Concept of moving forward after the powers of colonizers have been shaken off
• Post Colonialism - Rejecting detrimental effects of the colonizing culture
• Post Colonialism - Questioning previous assumptions accepted
• Post Colonialism - Maximizing the good derived from the colonial experience
• Neo Colonialism - Economic and political policies by which a great power indirectly maintains or extends its influence over the areas or people
• Neo Colonialism - When a state is indirectly controlled by another state via the route of what the former believes in about the latter
• Ideology - The ruling idea of the ruling group that it implants, propagates, and perpetuates so they can keep their ruling status
• Ideology - Structure of society assumed as the natural order of things
• Interpellation is Process of offering a role to another
• Repressive State Apparatus (RSA) - Force of government which makes sure the subjects and objects of interpellation stay within boundaries
• Ideal State Apparatus (ISA) - Enforcing images of the ‘ideal’ repetitively by

  convincing the person to stay in the role and keep the given identity
• Rejection - Complete avoidance of an influence from the colonizer
• Appropriation - Process of using a foreign form or material to further the goals of one what is fighting for
• Feminism - Commitment to a set of principles or values of self-determination, immanent value, affirmation, mutuality, and care
• Feminism - Eliminates oppression, domination, and hierarchy in all manifestations
• Feminism - A way of living one’s lives and acting in ways that allow others to make choices that affirm them and their perspectives, and that do not oppress and exploit
• Feminism - The women’s movement in the Philippines has achieved numerous gains in terms of economic, political, and social equality
• The Feminism Perspective:

  1. Validates values and experiences associated with women
  2. Gives voice to individuals marginalized and devalued by the dominant culture
  3. Establishes a value system that privileges mutuality, respect, caring, power-with, and interconnection
  4. Eradicates the ideology of domination
• Women in Literature - In the study by Dials (2017), the following images of women can be gleaned:

  • Submissive
  • Frail
  • Assertive
  • Modern
• Analyzing - Looking for evidences sources and author’s biases