genbio 2

• It was first proposed in 1958 by Francis Crick
• The central dogma of molecular biology, states that DNA is copied(Replicated) converted into RNA (Transcribed) , which is later decoded (Translated) into proteins, which perform many vital functions in the cell.
• Dna -The molecule inside cells that contains the genetic information responsible for the development and function of an organism.
• The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T)
• The building blocks of DNA are nucleotides
• Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the protein blueprint from a cell's DNA to its ribosomes, which are the "machines" that drive protein synthesis
• Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries the appropriate amino acids into the ribosome for inclusion in the new protein.
• the ribosomes themselves consist largely of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules.
• The Central Dogma is the process by which the instructions in DNA are converted into a functional product.
• 1. replication
  2. transcription
  3. translation


  Guess the answer

  
• DNA replication is the process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules
• HELICASE – for Uncoiling/Unzipping of DNA
• PRIMASE – Promotes the start of DNA Copying
• DNA POLYMERASE – Attaches to Primer and for continuous copying of DNA
• EXONUCLEASE – For removal of uncopied DNA from OKAZAKI FRAGMENT
• LIGASE – For Zipping/Joining of Newly Copied DNA
• Replication is needed to ensure that all the body cells carry the same genetic material and that instructions are copied exactly for the next generation.
• Transcription -It is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence. This copy, called messenger RNA (mRNA), carries the gene's protein information encoded in DNA.
• The process of Transcription takes in nucleus in eukaryotes.
• Steps in transcription -initiation, elongation,termination
• Transcription produces genetic messages in the form of ribonucleic acid, which uses the DNA as a template
• Translation is the process where a ribosome decodes mRNA into a protein
• 1. hunting- gathering
  2. pastoral- horticultural
  3. agricultural
  4. industrial
  5. post-insdustrial
  6. digital


  concept of societal development
• Genetic engineering -the artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules in order to modify an organism or population of organisms.
• A genetically modified organism (GMO) is an animal, plant, or microbe whose DNA has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.
• 1973 -created first genetically modified bacteria


  History of gmo
• 1974 -created GM mice 


  History gmo
• 1982 - first commercial development (insulin)


  History
• History

  1994 -began to sell food
• 2003 -began to sell gmo as pets (glofish)


  History
• E. Coli - have been modified as diesel fuel


  Gmo bacteria
• Cyanobacteria -modified to be a plastic
• Genetically modified crop - bacillus thuringiensis corn
• Biolumilicent -glow in the dark, nagkakakaiba ng kulay
• Insertion -means that a number of nucleotides have been erroneously added to the genome, most often during the process of DNA replication
• Dna editing and sequencing -These technologies act like scissors, cutting the DNA at a specific spot. Then scientists can remove, add, or replace the DNA where it was cut.
• a new genome editing tool called CRISPR, invented in 1987, has made it easier than ever to edit DNA
• Gene mapping refers to the process of determining the location of genes on chromosomes.
• Gene therapy is a technique that modifies a person’s genes to treat or cure disease.
• 1. ex vivo
  2. in vivo


  gene therapy types