Disease control

• disease of farm animals are usually categorized as infection and non infection
• infection is caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, virus, and protozoa
• non-infectious diseases can be caused by nutritional deficiencies or excesses, toxins from plants, chemicals, drugs, etc.
• the most common infectious disease is bacterial disease
• bacteria are single celled organism that reproduce rapidly through binary fission
• viruses are not considered living because they cannot replicate on their own but need host cells to do so
• viruses are smaller than bacteria and cannot survive outside the host cells
• virus have genetic material (DNA) which contains the information needed to make more viruses
• non infectious diseases may be caused by genetic defects, environmental factors and lifestyle choices
• pathogens are microorganisms that cause disease in humans or animals
• ways of trasmission by pathogens are direct contact with an infected animal or its tissues or fluids, ingestion of contaminated feed water and farm equipment, during mating or during birth through the placenta, inhalaltion of contaminated air or through vectors
• loss of appetite, weight loss, slow movement, isolation from the herd, bad smelling or blood stained feces and urine are symptoms of sick animals
• the most common way of transmission is direct contact between animals
• animals can also become infected if they eat food or drink water containing the pathogen
• difference between bacteria and virus is that bacteria are prokaryotic and virus are eukaryotic, virus are much smaller compared to bacteria


  virus cannot reproduce on their own and need a host cell to replicate, bacteria are treated with antibiotics and virus are treated with antiviral
• bacteria have a cell wall made up of peptidoglycan which gives them shape and rigidity, while viruses do not have a cell wall
• viruses are more difficult to treat than bacteria because they are not killed by antibiotics
• sub acute diseases are diseases that last for a few weeks or months and are not life threatening
• peracute diseases are diseases that are acute but not severe enough to be considered acute
• acute diseases are diseases that are short-lived and have a rapid onset
• direct contact means the pathogen enters the body directly without an intermediate agent such as touching something contaminated with the pathogen
• indirect contact is when the pathogen enters the body through an intermediate agent like food or water
• foot and mouth disease is caused by a virus that affects the mouth, nose, and feet of cattle and pigs


  manifested by vesicles in mouth, feet, pillar of rumen, symptoms are fever, dullness, smaking of lips, lack of appetite, mode of transmission direct and indirect contact or fluids 


  treatment not discoverd yet, vaccination
• • bovine viral diarrhea virus is a non-enveloped, single stranded RNA virus caused by the bovine viral diarrhea virus
  • manifested by active erosive stomatitis and diarrhea
  • symptoms fever and anorexia, congestion in the mucus membrane
  • direct contact and indirect
  • no known treatment
  • vaccine with BVD vaccine before 2 weeks
• • contagious bovine pleuropneumonia is caused by bovine herpesvirus 1 and is acute, subacute or chronic highly infectious disease
  • caused by mycoplasma
  • symptoms are loss of appetite, fever, shallow rapid respiration, grunting
  • aerosol and droplet from the infected
  • tylosin and danofloxacin
  • vaccination
• parasites are organisms that live on or in another organism and cause harm and suck the host's blood and compete for blood and nutrients
• parasites cause economic loss to the farm by reducing the weight and the animal's carcass value
• • anthrax: a serious bacterial disease of sheep and cattle, causing acute and often fatal septicaemia, and also transmissible to humans.
  • symptoms are staggering, trembling, swelling of the throat and neck
  • bitting flies
  • antibiotics
  • vaccination
• • tuberculosis: an infectious bacterial disease characterized by the growth of nodules (tubercles) in the tissues, especially the lungs.
  • is zoonotic
  • infected animals
  • antibiotics
  • no proven effective mechanism
• • trypansomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma brucei
  • symptoms are fever, lethargy and anemia, reduction in fertility and milk production
  • tsetse flies
  • treated by trypanocidal drugs
  • killing vectors or parasites
• • coccidian is a parasitic protist that causes coccidiosis
  • symptoms are lack of appetite, dehydration, diarrhea , abdominal pain
  • indirect way
  • antibiotics
  • clean water and feed bunks
• parasites can be classified into internal and external parasites.
• internal or endoparasites are parasites that live inside the body of the host and example are tapeworms, round worms and hookworms
• external parasites or exoparasites are parasites that live outside the body of the host and example are fleas, flies, mites and ticks
• • effective proper hygiene is important for the prevention of disease and infection
  • good management
  • quarantine and isolation
  • spraying or dipping
  • deworming
  • medication
• indigenous knowledge is the knowledge of a particular culture or group of people, passed down through generations
• concoction is a mixture of ingredients that are mixed together to form a new substance
• squeezing is the process of draining the water or fluid from something
• pounding is the process of crushing materials for a desired product
• zoonotic disease is one that can jump from animals to people and vice versa