UNDS PRELIMS

• Philosophy is the study of acquiring knowledge through rational thinking and inquiries that involve answering questions regarding the nature and existence of man and the world we live in
• Socrates, known as the "Martyr of Education," emphasized the importance of the notion "Knowing Oneself" and believed that men's goal in life is to obtain happiness
• Plato, the "Father of the Academy," conceptualized the "Tripartite Theory of The Soul" which includes the Appetitive Soul, Spirited Soul, and Rational Soul
• St. Augustine believed that understanding who we are as individuals is related to our understanding of God and a higher form of sense
• Rene Descartes, the "Father of Modern Western Philosophy," introduced Cartesian Dualism, stating that the mind and body are separate entities, and coined the phrase "Cogito Ergo Sum" meaning "I think therefore I am"
• John Locke conceptualized "Tabula Rasa," believing that experiences and perceptions shape who a person becomes
• Sigmund Freud, known as "The Father of Psychoanalysis," proposed different constructs of personality and levels of consciousness that influence the development of the self
• Merleau Ponty, a French philosopher, believed in the unity of body and mind, emphasizing the idea that "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" in his Phenomenology of Perception
• Sociology studies how human society is established, its structure, interactions, and effects on individuals
• George H. Mead, the Father of American Pragmatism, rejected biological determinism of the self and introduced the concepts of "I" and "Me" in social interactions
• Charles Cooley's "Looking Glass Self" concept:

  • Created in 1902
  • Described as our reflection of how we think we appear to others, imagining how others view us
• Three components of the Looking Glass Self:

  • Imagining how we must appear to others in a social situation
  • Imagining and reacting to what we feel their judgment of that appearance must be
  • Developing our sense of self and responding through perceived judgments of others
• Cultural Anthropology:

  • Studies human society and culture, exploring diversity of the present and the past
  • Includes Ethnography (based on fieldwork) and Ethnology (based on cross-cultural comparison)
• Linguistic Anthropology:

  • Studies how language influences social life, analyzing universal features of language and the association between language and culture
• Culture:

  • Refers to customary behavior and beliefs passed on through enculturation
  • Described by Geertz as "a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic forms by means of which men communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes toward life"
• George H. Mead also outlined three role-playing stages of self-development: Preparatory Stage, Play Stage, and Game Stage
• Anthropology and its sub-disciplines:

  • Sociocultural
  • Archaeological
  • Biological
  • Linguistic
• Archaeological Anthropology:

  • Reconstructs, describes, and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through material remains like plant, animal, and ancient garbage
• Biological Anthropology:

  • Focuses on human evolution revealed by fossils, human genetics, growth, and development
• PSYCHOLOGY: scientific study of human behavior(overt and covert behavior) & mental processes (thinking, feeling, memory)
• PSYCHOLOGICAL SELF - is about the“Cognitive” and “Affective”representation of one’s identity orsubject of experience
• THE PRINCIPLE OF PSYCHOLOGY - conceptualize by William James
• I-SELF : is the self-thought or the self-knower
• ME-SELF : is the phenomenal self, the experienced, or the self as known.
• WHAT ARE THE SUB CATEGORIES OF SELF? THE SOCIAL SELF, THE MATERIAL SELF, THE SPIRITUAL SELF
• “THE MATERIAL SELF” – is constituted by our bodies, clothes, immediate family and home.
• “THE SOCIAL SELF” – is based on our interactions with society and the reaction of people towards us
• “THE SPIRITUAL SELF” – the most intimate type of self. And they have the ability to argue and discriminate one’s moral sensibility, conscience, and indomitable will.
• THE CONCEPT OF THE SELF - a concept made by Carl Rogers
• Rogers believed that people must befully honest with themselves in order tohave personal discoveries on one self.
• CLIENT-CENTERED THERAPY : a non-directive intervention wherein a person is believed to have the potential to solve his own problem.
• THE CONCEPT OF SELF: THE PERCEIVED SELF, THE REAL SELF, THE, THE IDEAL SELF
• THE PERCEIVED SELF : self-worth – the person sees himself and how others see them
• THE REAL SELF – Self-image – how/who the person really is.
• THE IDEAL SELF – how the person like to be
• CONCEPT OF UNIFIED AND MULTIPLE SELF - As Daniel CW wrote in his article, “Psychoanalysis VS. Postmodern Psychology” he has emphasized how Freud perceived a person as a unified being and Gergen's Concept of multiple self
• Accdg to Donald Winnicott, hesuggested that the self is composed of : true self & fake self
• TRUE SELF – instinctual and spontaneous.
• FAKE SELF – hideous and pretentious. He mentioned function of the this self is to protect the true self.