RAD

• Diagram of human structural organization levels: atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, systems, organism

  
• The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients and absorbs them into the body through organs like the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

  
• The endocrine system is a network of glands producing hormones that control functions like metabolism, growth, and reproduction

  
• The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones

  
• Radiological anatomy course aims to promote and support the qualification of radiological technologists who can practice independently and within multidisciplinary health teams
• Students in the radiological anatomy course should be able to explain medical terminology, identify anatomical details, describe radiological anatomy shown by contrast media, and apply types of contrast used in imaging different body systems
• Students should use the legal and ethical framework in radiography and healthcare, communicate effectively with patients and staff, and exchange knowledge with healthcare teams
• The course covers topics like general, systemic, and skeletal anatomy, positioning terminology, principles, image quality, digital technology, radiation units, patient protection, ethical practice, and practical applications
• Schaffer and Emerson's 1964 study on attachment:

  • Aim: identify stages of attachment / find a pattern in the development of an attachment between infants and parents
  • Participants: 60 babies from Glasgow
  • Procedure: analysed interactions between infants and carers
  • Findings: babies of parents/carers with 'sensitive responsiveness' were more likely to have formed an attachment
• Freud's superego represents internalized societal values and standards
• Levels of human structural organization:

  • Atoms form molecules, which form cells, tissues, organs, systems, and finally an organism

  
• Digestive system:

  • Organs work together to break down food into nutrients and absorb them into the body
  • Includes mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus

  
• Endocrine system:

  • Network of glands producing hormones
  • Major glands: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads

  
• The human body has 10 systems: skeletal, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive, nervous, muscular, endocrine, integumentary
• Skeletal system:

  • Includes 206 bones supporting and protecting soft tissues, allowing movement, producing blood cells, storing calcium
• Circulatory system:

  • Composed of cardiovascular organs and lymphatic system
  • Functions include distributing oxygen and nutrients, carrying waste, protecting against disease, regulating body temperature
• Respiratory system:

  • Composed of lungs and passages connecting them to the outside atmosphere
  • Functions include supplying oxygen, eliminating carbon dioxide, regulating acid-base balance
• Urinary system:

  • Includes kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
  • Functions include regulating blood composition, eliminating waste, regulating fluid balance, maintaining acid-base balance
• Reproductive system:

  • Organs produce, transport, store germ cells
  • Functions include reproduction
• Nervous system:

  • Composed of brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, special sense organs
  • Regulates body activities with electrical impulses
• Muscular system:

  • Includes skeletal, smooth, cardiac muscles
  • Functions include movement, posture maintenance, heat production
• Endocrine system:

  • Includes all ductless glands
  • Functions through hormones released into the bloodstream to regulate bodily activities
• Integumentary system:

  • Composed of skin and derived structures like hair, nails, glands
  • Functions include regulating body temperature, protection, waste elimination
• Diagram of levels of human structural organization:

  • Atoms: basic building blocks of matter
  • Molecules: basic units of chemical compounds
  • Cells: basic units of living things
  • Tissues: groups of cells that perform a specific function
  • Organs: specialized structures that perform a specific function
  • Systems: groups of organs that work together to perform a specific function
  • Organism: a living thing

  
• The endocrine system is a network of glands that produce and release hormones into the bloodstream, controlling functions like metabolism, growth, and reproduction

  
• The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones, including the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

  
• The adult skeletal system is composed of 206 separate bones, forming the framework of the entire body
• The adult human skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton
• Sesamoid bones are small, oval-shaped bones embedded in tendons, with the patellae being the largest sesamoid bones
• Bones can be classified by shape into long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones
• Long bones consist of a body and two ends or extremities, found only in the appendicular skeleton
• The outer shell of most bones is composed of compact bone, while the body contains spongy bone with red bone marrow responsible for producing red blood cells
• Short bones are roughly cuboidal and are found only in the wrists and ankles
• Flat bones consist of two plates of compact bone with cancellous bone and marrow between them, providing protection and muscle attachment surfaces
• Irregular bones include those with peculiar shapes like vertebrae, facial bones, and bones of the base of the cranium and pelvis
• Bones form through ossification, which can be intramembranous or endochondral, starting in the embryonic stage and continuing until adulthood
• Red blood cells are produced by the red bone marrow of certain flat and irregular bones as well as the ends of long bones in adults
• Bone growth occurs through primary and secondary centers of endochondral ossification, with epiphyseal plates allowing for longitudinal growth until skeletal maturity
• Joints can be classified functionally as synarthrosis (immovable), amphiarthrosis (limited movement), and diarthrosis (freely movable)
• Structural classification of joints includes fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints based on the tissue separating bone ends