Research

• Alternative Hypothesis: The hypothesis that states there is a significant

  relationship or difference between variables in a research study, and is typically the hypothesis researchers are trying to support.
• Case Study: A research method that focuses on in-depth investigation and analysis of a single individual, group, or phenomenon to gain a comprehensive understanding of its characteristics, context, and dynamics.
• Confounding Variables: Variables that are not the main focus of the study but may influence or confound the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
• Confidence Interval: A range of values within which the true population

  parameter is estimated to lie with a certain level of confidence, typically expressed as a percentage (e.g., 95% confidence interval).
• Control Group: A group of participants in an experiment that does not receive the experimental treatment or intervention, used as a comparison to evaluate the effects of the independent variable.
• Correlation: A statistical measure that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two or more variables. It ranges from -1 to +1, where -1 represents a perfect negative correlation, +1 represents a perfect positive correlation, and 0 represents no correlation.
• Data Analysis Techniques: The specific methods and procedures used to analyze and interpret collected data, such as statistical analysis, content analysis, thematic analysis, or grounded theory.
• Data Collection Instruments: Tools or techniques used to gather data in a research study, such as questionnaires, interviews, observation protocols, or tests.
• Dependent Variable: The variable that is measured or observed to determine the effect of the independent variable.
• Descriptive Statistics: Statistical measures used to summarize and describe the main features of a dataset, such as measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and measures of variability (standard deviation, range).
• Ethical Considerations: The principles and guidelines that ensure the protection and well-being of research participants and the integrity of the research process.
• Experimental Design: A research design that involves the manipulation of an independent variable and the measurement of its effects on a dependent variable, often using control groups and random assignment.
• Hypothesis: A tentative statement that predicts the relationship between variables or the outcome of a research study.
• Hypothesis Testing: A statistical procedure that involves testing a hypothesis by comparing observed data to expected data under a null hypothesis, to determine if there is enough evidence to support rejecting the null hypothesis in favor of an alternative hypothesis.
• Independent Variable: The variable that is manipulated or controlled by the researcher to determine its effect on the dependent variable.
• Inferential Statistics: Statistical techniques used to make inferences or draw conclusions about a population based on a sample of data, such as hypothesis testing or confidence intervals.
• Literature Gap: An area or topic within the existing literature that has not been adequately addressed or researched, providing an opportunity for new research contributions.
• Literature Review: A critical evaluation and synthesis of existing research and scholarly articles relevant to a research topic.
• Methodology: The systematic approach or plan used to conduct research, including the research design, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques.
• Null Hypothesis: The hypothesis that states there is no significant relationship or difference between variables in a research study.
• Peer Review: The process of evaluation and feedback by experts in the field to ensure the quality, validity, and rigor of research studies before they are published or presented.
• Qualitative Research: Research that collects and analyzes non-numerical data to gain an in-depth understanding of phenomena.
• Quantitative Research: Research that collects and analyzes numerical data to understand and explain phenomena.
• Randomization: The process of assigning participants or cases to different groups or conditions in a research study randomly, to minimize bias and ensure equal distribution of characteristics across groups.
• Regression Analysis: A statistical technique used to model and analyze the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables, to predict or explain the variation in the dependent variable.
• Reliability Measures: Statistical techniques used to assess the consistency and stability of research measurements or findings, such as test-retest reliability or inter-rater reliability.
• Research: The systematic investigation, study, or inquiry aimed at discovering, interpreting, and revising knowledge.
• Research Bias: Systematic errors or distortions in the research process that may affect the validity or reliability of the research findings, such as selection bias, response bias, or publication bias.
• Research Contribution: The unique or novel insights, knowledge, or

  understanding generated by a research study that adds to the existing body of literature and advances the field.
• Research Design: The overall plan or structure of a research study that outlines the methods, procedures, and steps to be followed to address the research questions or objectives.
• Research Ethics: The principles and guidelines that govern the ethical conduct of research, including the protection of human subjects, informed consent, confidentiality, and the responsible use of data.
• Research Findings: The results, patterns, or relationships discovered through the analysis and interpretation of collected data in a research study.
• Research Limitations: Constraints or factors that may impact the generalizability, validity, or scope of a research study, such as sample size, time limitations, or resource constraints.
• Research Proposal: A document that outlines the research objectives,

  methodology, timeline, and expected outcomes of a research study, typically submitted for approval before conducting the research.
• Research Reliability: The consistency and stability of research measurements or findings over time and across different conditions, indicating the degree to which the results can be replicated.
• Research Validity: The extent to which a research study measures what it intends to measure and accurately reflects the concept or phenomenon under investigation.
• Sampling Techniques: The specific methods used to select participants or cases from a population for inclusion in a research study, such as random sampling, stratified sampling, or convenience sampling.
• Statistical Significance: The likelihood that an observed result is not due to chance or random variation, but rather represents a true relationship or difference between variables.
• Survey: A research method that involves collecting data from a sample of individuals using questionnaires or interviews to gather information about their attitudes, opinions, or behaviors.
• Validity Threats: Factors or influences that may compromise the validity or accuracy of research findings, such as selection bias, measurement error, or confounding variables.