KQ4

• Unintended effects of military intervention

  • Spreading disease
  • Civilian deaths
  • Destruction of housing and infrastructure
  • Lack of care for the environment
  • Sexual exploitation
  • Attract violence and protests from people unhappy with the interventions
• MINUSTAH in Haiti The UN’s mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) was established in 2004 after President Aristide departed Haiti for exile. The mission was expanded following the 2010 earthquake. The mission ended in 2017, and all peacekeepers left the country by 2019. The overall cost of the 13-year mission was $7bn.
• Why is the USA interested in maintaining political stability in Haiti? The USA is the largest export partner for Haiti, 84% of all Haiti's exports go to the USA. This means the USA benefits economically from the political stability of Haiti, if Haiti is in conflict or a period of instability then the number of exports would decrease. Haiti also has an estimated $20bn of mineral deposits exploited mostly by the US and Canada so they are stakeholders in the maintenance of mining industry.
• Haiti value of exports $1.2 billion
• Haiti value of imports $5.2 billion
• Benefits of having a significant number of NGOs for Haiti Free aid with no strings attached Offer both short term and long term aid promoting development Provide employment for people in host country Fewer political restrictions, easier to access areas in need of help.
• Problems with having a significant number of NGOs for Haiti Lowers sovereignty. Country becomes dependent on the support provided by the NGOs. Less likely to help with long term development. Potential abuse towards people in host country. Employment that supports NGOs and not the local community thus not supporting the long term development.
• Short-term benefits of global governance Humanitarian aid, supply of food, access to supplies of clean drinking water. Periods of ceasefire negotiated and monitores. Maintain peace, strengthen rule of law and protect civilians.
• Long-term benefits of global governance Agricultural training to improve food security. Education programmes which aim to prevent further conflict. Support transition to democracy. Re-establish state authority and state apparatus
• How many kidnappings occurred each day in Haiti in 2022? 4
• What has the Haitian government done to increase the effectiveness of the Haitian National Police? Allocated $162 million for the addition of 714 officers into the police force, 174 are women.
• How were residents of the neighbourhood of Cite Soleil affected by gang violence? 99 killed, 133 injured
• How much did the UN offer Haitians who were relocated to tents after the 2010 earthquake? $500
• When did Oxfam start working in Haiti? 1978
• In 2020, how many public services in Haiti are provided by NGOs? 80%
• Hope for Haiti Supports long term development projects relating to education, healthcare, infrastructure, clean water and economic opportunities. Largely Haitian staff, work with local governments and listen to needs of local leaders and community members. Support more than 6000 students and direct funds towards school supplies and teacher salaries. Improved water systems for more than 39,000 students improving public health.
• Haiti Anti-austerity protests 2018 Sparked by sudden increase of fuel prices to $4.60 per gallon, where the average income is $5 a day Haiti had a national debt of $2.13 billion made from loans from Venezuela and the IMF. The IMF made ending petrol subsidies a condition to receiving the loans
• MINUSTAH - cons 100,000 peace keepers involved in the 13 year mission. Haiti doesn't know if it can be independent after the intervention, they've achieved fragile stability Cholera outbreak 2010, killed more than 10,000 people and the origins were traced to the UN soldiers disposing of their waste near the Artibonite River, a major water source. Sexual assault, an estimated 600 victims but 75 proper allegations. People were forced into transactional sex for food and medicine
• What has the UN logo come to mean in Haiti? Impunity and abuse
• What did MINUSTAH peacekeepers do to Cite Soleil neighbourhood? Fired more than 22,000 bullets into the thin-walled houses and killed more than 20 women and children. Neither MINUSTAH nor the police investigated
• How much did MINUSTAH cost? $7 billion