APPROACHES

• BEHAVIOURIST?

  AO1:

  • associations between stimulus and response, consequences
  • blank slates, learnt from environment, conditioning
  • observable, measurable
  • classical: PAVLOV (salivate)
  • operant: positive, negative, punishment, SKINNER (rats)

  AO3:

  + scientific(objectivity, replication, discipline) but machine reductionism (thought, animals)

  + RWA: systematic desensitisation, schools

  -. environmental determinism (free will, biology)
• BIOLOGICAL?

  AO1:

  • physical origin (genes, neurochemistry, biological structures, evolution)
  • genes (DNA, chromosomes, heritable, NESTADT)
  • evolution (Darwin, EEA, natural selection, adaptive, social releasers)
  • brain areas (hippocampus/ HM, pfc/ OCD)
  • neurochemistry (testosterone/ aggression, serotonin/ dopamine/ OCD)

  AO3:

  + scientific (objective, empirical methods, discipline) but reductionist (easier to study, simplistic)

  + drug therapy (OCD, home) but correlation

  -. biological determinism (free will, responsibility, MAOA)
• SLT?

  AO1:

  • Bandura
  • Behaviourist, cognitive factors
  • imitation, observation, vicarious reinforcement, mediational processes, role models, modelling, identification

  AO3:

  + BANDURA (72, modelling, aggression arousal, delayed imitation) but biology (testosterone, innate)

  + more comprehensive (mediational processes) but no role model (psychopathy)

  + cultural differences (environments, media) but laboratory settings (demand characteristics, ecological validity)
• COGNITIVE APPROACH?

  AO1:

  • internal mental processes (perception, interpretation, storage, manipulation)
  • actively processes information, stimulus -> internal processes -> response
  • theoretical/ computer models, inferences from observing behaviour
  • schemas (assimilation/ accommodation)

  AO3:

  + RWA (schemas: EWT, theoretical: MSM/ Clive Wearing, computer: CBT)

  + soft determinism (operate within limits of how we process) but machine reductionism (forget, emotions)

  + laboratory experiments (BADDELEY, reliable, objective, cognitive neuroscience) but lack ecological validity
• COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE?

  AO1:

  • biological and cognitive
  • technology, brain scanning, memory/ attention, link brain structures to mental processing
  • neuroimaging (PET/ fMRI), active in activities, empirical/ objective of internal mental processes
  • clinical case studies (compare healthy to deficits)
  • map brain, localisation

  AO3:

  + RAINE (psychopaths, hippocampus sizes, amygdala, predict/ prevent crimes) but socially sensitive research (labels)

  + scientific (objective, empirical, treatment, reputation)
• PSYCHODYNAMIC?

  AO1:

  • Freud
  • unconscious
  • ID/ ego (repression/ denial/displacement) superego
  • psychosexual stages, unresolved conflict, fixations (Oedipus/ Electra complex)

  AO3:

  + FREUD (Little Hans) but case study (subjective, clinical)

  + psychoanalysis (unconscious, dream analysis, hypnosis, cause) but unsuccessful for complex (subjective, interpretations, schizophrenia)

  -. unscientific (hypothesis, falsifiability, empirical, subjectivity) but principles used

  -. gender bias (androcentric) but lack of temporal validity expected

  -. psychic determinism (no free will, moral debate)
• HUMANISTIC?

  AO1:

  • individual experience, free will, self-actualization
  • Maslow's hierarchy of needs (self-actualization, esteem, love/ belonging, safety, physiological)
  • Roger's (congruence - ideal/ perceived, conditions of worth - real or perceived, unconditional positive regard, 'client-centred therapy)

  AO3:

  + holistic (subjective experiences, emotions) but difficult to establish cause and effect (extraneous variables)

  + RWA: 'client-centred therapy', workplace but lacks scientific evidence (objectively study, operationalised, no controlled conditions, no general laws)

  -. cultural bias (individualistic, self-actualization) but positive approach (no determinism, goals not stigmas, optimistic)
• WUNDT?

  AO1:

  • scientific psychology lab, 1870s, Germany
  • introspection
  • very scientific inferences on internal mental processes
  • general theories of perception/ mental processes, under controlled conditions/ standardised/ comparisons

  AO3:

  + emergence as science (Behaviourism, scientific credibility) but individual's own interpretation (subjective, no unconscious factors, no general principles, unscientific)

  + high temporal validity (Griffiths, fruit machine gamblers)