BIOPSYCHOLOGY

avatar
Created by
Jasmine Singh

Cards (11)

  • LOCALISATION OF FUNCTION?
    AO1:
    • functions, specific regions
    • FRONTAL: motor (FRITSCH + HITZIG, dog, movements/ PENFIELD, humans, map), Broca's
    • PARIETAL: somatosensory (PENFIELD, humans, map memory)
    • OCCIPITAL: visual (PANIZZA, stroke/ BROWN + SCHAFFER, monkey)
    • TEMPORAL: auditory (FERRIER, monkeys, noise), Wernicke's
    • PHINEAS GAGE, prefrontal cortex, executive functions, self-control
    AO3:
    + LASHLEY (equipotentiality theory, basic, higher mental, rats maze, learning, complex)
    + scientific (objective, reliable, hypothesis, empirical) but animal studies (extrapolation)
    + treatment but biological determinism
    -. communication over regions (RAINE, hippocampus, amygdala)
  • HEMISPHERIC LATERALISATION RESEARCH?
    AO1:
    • different functions in right and left
    • language to left, visual and motor to right
    • corpus callosum (nerve fibres)
    • Sperry
    • 11 men, right-handed, epilepsy, severed
    • name/ select if right visual field but not left
    • pick up with left hand if left visual field, vice versa
    AO3:
    + RWA: therapy for stroke patients but severed corpus callosum overcome (two eyes)
    -. SZAFLARKI (more lateralised, childhood, decreases each decade)
    -. methodological issues (longer drug therapy, greater disconnection) and control groups (no epileptic seizures, no cause and effect)
  • BRAIN PLASTICITY RESEARCH?
    AO1:
    • modify connections, re-wire itself, learn/ experience
    • Maguire
    • natural experiment, 16, healthy, right-handed, male, London taxi drivers, 'The Knowledge' (50 control)
    • MRI, more grey matter in hippocampus, positive correlation with years
    AO3:
    + internal validity (objective, scientific no demand characteristics) but beta bias (all male sample)
    + control group (establish cause and effect) but taxi drivers due to existing differences (before and after)
    -. biologically reductionist (hippocampus size linked to memory, no cognition) but RWA: treatment for brain trauma
  • FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY RESEARCH?
    AO1:
    • plasticity (reform blood vessels), transfer functions, neural regeneration (axonal sprouting), more sensitive dendrites
    • affected by age, gender, therapy, education
    TAJIRI ET AL
    • rats, damage same region
    • half stem cells injections, half nothing
    -. extrapolation (language, functional recovery same way)
    -. ethical issues but not possible ethically on humans (before and after, benefits outweigh)
    CHOLLET ET AL
    • 6 stroke patients, lost + recovered movement in hand
    • blood flow increase in both hemisphere motor cortex when moved recovered
    • ipsilateral motor pathways, homologous areas
    + RWA: neurorehabilitation therapy, functional recovery chance increased but small sample size
    THULBORN ET AL
    • 34 year old man, Wernicke's aphasia
    • language comprehension improved, 9 months, scans, language activation shifted to right
    -. case study and factors on recovery extent
  • CIRCADIAN RHYTHM RESEARCH?
    AO1:
    • once in 24 hours
    • sleep/ wake cycle
    • light, SCN, pineal gland, melatonin (social cues)
    AO3:
    + SIFFRE (once in 25 hours, free running biological rhythm)
    + RWA: night shift workers but case study (influenced same way if deprived)
    -. artificial light as exogenous zeitgeber
  • INFRADIAN RHYTHM RESEARCH?
    AO1:
    • less than once every 24 hours
    • menstrual cycle
    • pituitary gland, oestrogen, progesterone, food, stressors, women
    AO3:
    + STERN + MCCLINTOCK (9 women, irregular, closer)
    -. lacks internal validity due to extraneous variables (stress, diet, exercise) and small sample size (chance)
    + evolutionary theory (benefit offspring survival)
  • ULTRADIAN RHYTHM RESEARCH?
    AO1:
    • more than once every 24 hours
    • stages of sleep (NREM and REM), every 90 minutes, 5 full cycles
    • brainstem, neural activity, changing sleep schedules, stress
    AO3:
    + DEMENT + KLEITMAN (9, sleep lab, EEG, 5 cycles, REM dreaming, brain activity correlated with vivid dreams)
    + RWA: night terror treatment, KLEITMAN rest-activity cycle (break ever 90-120 minutes) but artificial sleep lab not reflect own bed
    -. small sample size, individual differences
  • ENDOGENOUS PACEMAKERS ON SLEEP WAKE CYCLE?
    AO1:
    • internal biological clocks
    • superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN), bundle of nerves, hypothalamus
    • absorb sunlight, alter sleep/ wake cycle
    • entrained by exogenous zeitgebers: darkness, stimulate pineal gland to produce more melatonin
    • disrupted by exogenous zeitgebers: jet lag
    AO3:
    + DE COURSEY (30 chipmunks, predation) but extrapolation (no social cues, ethics)
    + SIFFRE (25 hours, endogenous pacemakers, kept synchronised by exogenous zeitgebers) but extraneous variables (temperature/ artificial light, relative influences)
    + MILES ET AL (28 year old blind man, 24.9 hours, sedatives, social cues) but case study
    + CAMPBELL + MURPHY (15 participants, woke, knee, skin, entrain) and RWA: visual impaired/ night shift workers
  • EXOGENOUS ZEITGEBERS ON SLEEP WAKE CYCLE?
    AO1:
    • external environmental factors
    • entrain/ disrupt
    • light resets SCN
    • social cues (jet lag reduced by adapting to local times)
    AO3:
    + SIFFRE (25 hours, endogenous pacemakers, kept synchronised by exogenous zeitgebers) but extraneous variables (temperature/ artificial light, relative influences)
    + CAMPBELL + MURPHY (15 participants, woke, skin, knee, entrain) and RWA: night shift workers/ visually impaired
    -. MILES ET AL (28 year old blind man, 24.9 hours, sedatives, social cues) but case study
  • FIGHT OR FLIGHT?
    AO1:
    • evolved survival mechanism, stressor
    • physiological changes (heart rate, breathing rate, saliva)
    • hypothalamus, sympathetic, adrenal glands, adrenal medulla, adrenaline
    • parasympathetic, resting state
    AO3:
    -. GRAY (freeze, hypervigilance) but maladaptive, natural selection
    -. androcentrism in research so TAYLOR, beta bias (tend and befriend, flight put offspring at risk)
    -. maladaptive for modern day (ancestors, life-threatening, daily stressors, negative health consequences)
  • STUDYING THE BRAIN?
    fMRI
    • functional magnetic reasoning image
    • changes in oxygenated blood flow, task
    + active brain images but blood flow represents communication not function specialisation (no cortical specialisation assumptions)
    + risk free but poor temporal resolution (5s delay)
    EEG
    • electroencephalogram
    • small sensors on scalp pick up electrical activity, neuronal activity
    + safe, diagnose epilepsy but precision measuring individual action potentials (sensitivity)
    + cheaper but low spatial resolution
    ERP
    • event related potentials
    • isolate brain waves, specific response to target stimulus
    + localisation of function but background noise/ visual stimulation
    + high temporal resolution but low spatial resolution
    POST MORTEM
    • after death
    • structural abnormalities to behaviour (localisation) by comparison
    + humans not animals but informed consent
    + cortical specialisation but neuronal changes, cause and effect