Cosme

• UVC


  • Germicidal
  • Most dangerous
  • Shortest wavelength
• UVA can penetrate window glass
• Historical SPF values


  • 2-50+
• First sunscreen ingredients


  • Benzyl cinnamate
  • Benzyl salicylate
• Eugene Schueller developed the first commercial sunscreen

  
• SPF at least 15
• Water resistant


  30 minutes
• Water resistant


  80 minutes
• UV filter types


  • Physical
  • Chemical

  
• Organic UVB absorbing filters

  • Octocrylene and octinoxate
• Organic UVA filters


  • Avobenzone, oxybenzone and meradimate
• Common chemical: avobenzone and oxybenzone
• Organic filters are absorbed by the skin
• Antioxidants


  • Vitamins E and C
• Preservatives


  • Parabens
  • Benzyl alcohol
  • Methylchloroisothiazolinone
  • Methylisothiazolinone
  • Phenoxyethanol
• Humectants


  • Provide moisturization
• Humectants


  • Sorbitol, glycerin, and propylene glycol
• Chelating agents


  • EDTA and its derivatives
• Propellants


  • Isobutane and dimethyl ether
• Major parts of a tooth

  • Crown
  • Root
  • Neck
• Leads to formation of cavities
• Fluoride was added to drinking water


  1914
• Preservatives


  • Parabens
  • Sodium benzoate
  • Phenoxyethanol
• Sweeteners


  • Sodium saccharin
  • Acesulfame
  • Aspartame
  • Sorbitol
• Anti-malodor ingredients


  • Triclosan
  • Zinc
  • Stannous fluoride
• Antibacterial ingredients


  • Triclosan, zinc, and stannous fluoride
• Frequently used humectants


  • Glycerin and sorbitol
• Astringents


  • Zinc chloride, ethanol, and witch hazel
• Antitartar agents


  • Pyrophosphates, PVMP
• Change surfactant if the mouthwash becomes opaque
• Solution


  A clear, homogeneous liquid dosage form that contains some dissolved chemical substances in a solvent or mixture of solvents
• Types of solutions based on solvent

  • Water-based (aqueous)
  • Hydroalcoholic
  • Anhydrous
• Toners


  • Clear solutions generally based on various types of solvents and a low amount of surfactants
  • Waterless cleansers for the face are often based on alcohols and glycols since sebum is soluble in these solvents
  • Applied with cotton balls, tissues, or washcloths and evaporate quickly after application
  • May be beneficial when there is no access to water and can be effective for very oily skin; however, long-term use may be harmful to the skin barrier
• Toners for younger users

  Perceived acne benefits and pore-tightening effect
• Facial toners


  Used after cleansing (as a second step before applying moisturizers) to remove soap, oil, and makeup residue from the skin
• Astringents


  Applied to the skin or mucous membranes for a local and limited protein coagulant effect, commonly used in facial toners and aftershave solutions to tighten pores
• Cloudy solution facial toners may contain fragrances to increase consumer satisfaction
• If the type and/or amount of the solubilizers are not appropriate, the solution may become opaque to a certain extent due to the particle size of the oil droplets in the solution
• Toners should only be used on oily areas of the skin, such as the forehead, nose, and chin. If used on other parts, they may dry out the skin due to their alcohol content and trigger oil production
• The labeling of certain facial toners, body toners, and eyeshadows indicates that the product should be shaken before use to activate the main ingredients