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• Attachment is a strong reciprocal emotional bond between an infant and a primary caregiver

  
• Schaffer and Emerson's 1964 study on attachment aimed to identify stages of attachment and find a pattern in the development of an attachment between infants and parents

  
• Participants in the study were 60 babies from Glasgow, and the procedure involved analyzing interactions between infants and carers

  
• Findings from the study showed that babies of parents or carers who displayed 'sensitive responsiveness' were more likely to have formed an attachment

  
• Freud's superego is the moral component of the psyche, representing internalized societal values and standards
• In the context of the study on attachment, 'sensitive responsiveness' refers to parents or carers who were more sensitive to the baby's signals
• The study on attachment by Schaffer and Emerson highlighted the importance of 'sensitive responsiveness' in caregivers for the formation of a secure attachment with infants
• Freud's concept of the superego plays a crucial role in shaping an individual's moral conscience through internalized societal norms and values
• The Step Pyramid of Djoser, located in Saqqara, Egypt, is the oldest known stone pyramid in the world, built in the 27th century BC by the architect Imhotep as a tomb for the Pharaoh Djoser

  
• The pyramid is made of six layers of stone and stands 60 meters tall

  
• The collage of four pictures related to ancient Mesopotamia includes: an ancient city, a stele of Hammurabi, a statue of Sargon of Akkad, and the Ishtar Gate

  
• In ancient Mesopotamia, around 400 BC, emerging science included disease symptoms, chemical substances, astronomical observations, and mathematical calculations
• Euclid founded Modern Geometry, while Archimedes founded engineering mechanics and calculated the value of pi
• The Bronze Age, around 3000 BC, introduced pigments for coloring human skin and the creation of bronze by alloying copper with tin
• The Bronze Age also saw the construction of two-wheeled carts in Mesopotamia and the first pyramid in Egypt as part of urbanization
• The Dark Ages, lasting from 400 to 800 AD, marked a time of great upheaval and change in Europe as the Roman Empire collapsed and new kingdoms emerged

  
• The Dark Ages were characterized by the Black Death pandemic, which had significant cultural, social, and economic effects

  
• The Middle Ages, from 450 to 1450 AD, saw significant scientific and technological developments like the printing press and great artworks by Leonardo da Vinci
• The Renaissance Era, from 1450 to 1600 AD, marked a rebirth of knowledge in Europe with discoveries like the Heliocentric Theory by Copernicus and the invention of the magnetic compass
• Galileo, in the Modern Ages around 1600 AD, was the first to use modern scientific methods based on experiment and testable observations, constructing the telescope
• Isaac Newton defined the laws of gravity and planetary motion, co-founded calculus, and explained the laws of light and color
• Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity and the equation E=mc^2 made him a prominent scientist in the 20th century
• The Industrial Revolution brought about the mass production of goods in factories, while inventions like the light bulb replaced traditional lighting methods
• The 20th century saw advancements like the radio, the first car powered by an engine, and the first human spaceflight
• The Copernican Revolution shifted astronomy from a geocentric to a heliocentric understanding, setting the foundations for modern science
• Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution, published in 1859, ushered in a new era in intellectual history, completing the Copernican revolution for biology
• Sigmund Freud, the founding father of psychoanalysis, emphasized the influence of the unconscious mind on human behavior
• Freud's Theory highlighted the conflict between three elements in the human mind: the id, ego, and superego
• Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development outlined stages like oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital
• Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development suggested that unresolved conflicts in childhood could lead to psychological disorders in adulthood
• Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development proposed defense mechanisms like repression, denial, and projection to protect the mind from anxiety
• Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development also introduced concepts like the Oedipus complex and the Electra complex to explain childhood development
• Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development emphasized the importance of early childhood experiences in shaping adult personality and behavior
• Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development influenced modern psychology and therapy practices
• Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development was met with both acclaim and criticism for its controversial ideas
• Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development remains a significant contribution to the field of psychology and continues to be studied and debated today
• A collage of four pictures related to ancient Mesopotamia includes: an ancient city, a stele of Hammurabi, a statue of Sargon of Akkad, and the Ishtar Gate

  
• Maya civilization:

  • Lasted approximately 2,000 years, known for advanced astronomy integrated into their temples
  • Used temples for astronomical observation, e.g., the pyramid at Chichén Itzá in Mexico aligned with the Sun during equinoxes
  • Advanced in predicting eclipses, using astrological cycles in planting and harvesting, and measuring time with two calendar systems
  • Developed technology for growing crops, building cities, and creating a hydraulic system for water supply
  • Skilled in mathematics, created a number system based on the numeral 20, and independently developed the concept of zero
  • Known for using Mayan hieroglyphics, considered one of the most scientifically advanced societies in Mesoamerica
• Inca civilization:

  • Made advanced scientific ideas and tools, including paved roads, earthquake-resistant stone buildings, irrigation systems, and suspension bridges
  • Developed the quipu, a system of knotted ropes for record-keeping, and excelled in textiles and agriculture
  • Known for their calendar, planning religious festivals, and the invention of the canoe
• Aztec civilization:

  • Introduced mandatory education, valued chocolates, used antispasmodic medication, developed the chinampa for agricultural farming, and created the Aztec calendar
  • Invented the canoe and made substantial contributions to science, technology, and society as a whole