CDI QUIZLET

• Early man, who had no domesticated animals, used manpower as the primary mode of transportation
• Manpower remains important in transportation in many parts of the world today
• Walking (traveling by foot) was the earliest form of transportation, with man using the power of his own feet to carry or drag loads
• The English word "pedestrian" originated from the Latin word "pedester," meaning to travel by foot
• In China and other parts of the Far East, the carrying pole, balanced on one shoulder, is a popular carrying device
• Ancient Roman wheeled vehicles:

  • Sarracum: used by ancient Roman farmers as a traveling vehicle for themselves and their families.
• The Romans were major road builders in the ancient world, with a road network reaching about 50,000 miles, including feeder roads branching out from the main highways
• John L. Macadam perfected the macadamized road in England around 1815, not abandoning the theory of feeder road building
• In ancient Rome, wheeled vehicles included:

  • Benna: a four-wheeled conveyance of Gallic origin accommodating several persons when traveling
  • Carpentum: a covered carriage with two wheels, seats for two or three, drawn by two mules, horses, or oxen
  • Carruca: a four-wheeled vehicle with smaller front wheels, drawn by two to four horses or mules, often ornamented by carvings in bronze, ivory, silver, and gold
• Ancient wheeled vehicles evolution:

  • Solid wheels on fixed axle: an ancient cart with solid wheels made of a single piece of wood rotating on a single axle
  • Sumerian chariot with flank wheels: around 2400 B.C., had solid wheels built up of three pieces, more durable than one-piece wheels
  • Greek quadrica with spoked wheels: drawn by four horses, a light and elegant vehicle for gentlemen around 250 B.C., with spoked wheels, iron or bronze axles, handles for mounting aid, and a seat formed by a board across the handles
• The Wright brothers tested over 200 different wing types in a wind tunnel of their own invention before conducting their first man-carrying powered machine, which successfully flew at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina on Dec. 17, 1903
• By 1909, airplanes became sufficiently accepted to justify beginning commercial manufacture of the machine
• Following the Wright brothers' initial flight, the development of aviation was rapid, leading to the first airmail delivery in 1911
• There are two kinds of camels: the two-humped Bactrian camel of Central Asia and the one-humped dromedary of Arabia, both long used for transport
• The Bactrian camel has plodded along caravan routes between China and Iran for at least 2,000 years and is also used to draw carts
• The dromedary, a special fast-paced riding camel, is bred by Arab nomads and has less endurance but is fleeter
• The Yak, a long-haired type of cattle living at high altitudes, is ridden and used as a pack animal where horses and ordinary animals could not survive
• Man realized the energy from moving air and learned to utilize it to lift rather than to drag, leading to the invention of air-lifted transportation vessels
• Ancient Chinese Kites have been flown since the beginning of history, with some European armies experimenting with kites in transporting men in the late 10th century
• Leonardo da Vinci's Ornithopter, based on the flight of birds, used flapping wings for propulsion, a concept not fully realized until the 19th century
• The Montgolfier brothers of France successfully released several balloons and proposed using two condemned prisoners for the first ascent with passengers
• Dogs were the first domesticated animals and were sometimes used to pack light loads on their backs, with dog teams drawing sledges in the Far North
• The donkey or ass, first domesticated in the Middle East, is still the chief beast of burden among farmers in the Near East, the Mediterranean Area, and Mexico
• Llamas were the only New World animal, other than the dog, capable of domestication for use in transport, and were used as pack animals by the Incas and their Spanish conquerors
• Elephants were used in war by the Carthaginians and in India, and are still employed for ceremonial processions and big game hunting
• Horses were used for horse-drawn chariots around 2,000 B.C. in southwest Asia, providing mobility and power to various conquerors throughout history
• In many parts of the world, goods are carried on the back, with different methods like back load and tumpline, sledges on rollers, sledges on runners, and travois being used
• Oxen, first domesticated in Mesopotamia, were used as draft animals to draw war chariots and are still used as draft animals in many regions of the world
• Transportation is the movement or conveying of persons and goods from one location to another
• Traffic is the movement of persons, goods, or vehicles, either powered by combustion systems or animal-drawn, for the purpose of safe travel
• Nomads can be categorized into 3 types:

  • 1st type: foraging populations who wander in search of food
  • 2nd type: those who move with their family, belongings, and herds of cattle, camel, sheep, or goats through an annual cycle of pasture
  • 3rd type: comprises gypsies, tinkers, and similar itinerants in urban and complex societies
• Various ancient modes of transportation include:

  A. Manpower - early man carried his own burdens, and today, manpower is still important in transportation in many parts of the world

  B. Animal Power - the domestication of animals greatly increased the potential power available for transportation, with pack animals introduced mainly to save labor

  C. Wind Power - man learned to utilize the energy from moving air to lift rather than drag, leading to the invention of air-lifted transportation vessels
• Carrying pole: balancing on one shoulder is a popular carrying device that started in China
• Back load and tumpline: in many parts of the world, goods are carried on the back
• Sledge on rollers: heavy burdens were placed on a sledge that rested on a series of rollers
• Sledge on runners: a simple sledge, probably man-drawn, used at the end of the Old Stone Age in Northern Europe
• Travois serves as a platform on which burdens are placed
• Oxen, first domesticated in Mesopotamia, were used as draft animals to draw war chariots and are still used as draft animals in many regions of the world
• Reindeer were first domesticated in Siberia and used with saddles in the Altai Mountains, drawing sledges somewhat like dog sledges
• Dogs, the first animal domesticated, were used for light loads on their backs by plain Indians and for drawing sledges in the Far North