Module 1

• In the 19th century, makeup was primarily used by prostitutes, and Queen Victoria publicly declared it improper, vulgar, and acceptable only for actors
• Adolf Hitler stated that face painting was for clowns and not for the women of the master race
• Women in the 19th century aimed to appear as fragile ladies, comparing themselves to delicate flowers and emphasizing their delicacy and femininity
• Some discreetly used a little rouge on the cheeks and "belladonna" to dilate their eyes to make them stand out more
• Make-up was frowned upon in general, especially during the 1870s when social etiquette became more rigid
• In the 20th-21st centuries, cosmetics became widely used by women in industrial societies worldwide, with annual expenditures estimated at $19 billion
• L'Oréal, founded in 1909 by Eugene Schueller, is one of the major cosmetic firms
• The US market for cosmetics was developed in the 1910s by Elizabeth Arden, Helena Rubinstein, and Max Factor, later joined by Revlon and Estée Lauder
• There is controversy over men wearing makeup, with some viewing it as neglecting traditional gender roles while others see it as a sign of ongoing gender equality
• Cosmetics are substances that enhance appearance or odor, intended for external application to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering appearance
• The first archaeological evidence of cosmetics usage was found in Egypt around 3500 BC during the Old Kingdom
• The Ancient Greeks and Romans also used cosmetics, some containing poisonous mercury and lead
• The ancient kingdom of Israel was influenced by cosmetics as recorded in the Old Testament 2 Kings 9:30, with Jezebel painting her eyelids around 840 BC
• During the Middle Ages, women sought a pale-skinned complexion through lead, chalk, flour pastes, bloodletting, and white lead pigment known as ceruse
• Cosmetics are products that beautify or improve the appearance of the body
• Water is commonly used as an ingredient due to its availability and low cost.
• Cosmetic ingredients include water, alcohol, fragrance, preservatives, emulsifiers, thickeners, colorants, antioxidants, sunscreens, UV filters, and active ingredients.