Midterms by Sean

• • Human Anatomy is a scientific study of the body’s structures. 
  • Some are very small and can only be observed and analyzed with the assistance of a microscope.
  • Larger structures can readily be seen, manipulated, measured, and weighed.
• • Physiology explains how the structures of the body work together to maintain life. 
  • Typically studied together because form and function are closely related in all living things.
• • Evolution provides a scientific explanation for the history of life on Earth and the mechanisms by which changes to life have occurred.
• • Ecosystems and Environments All life exists within an ecosystem made up of the physicochemical environment and other biological organisms. 
• • Causal Mechanisms life requires information flow within and between cells and between the environment and the organisms.
• • Cell basic unit of life.
• • Structure dictates function understanding the behavior of an organism requires understanding the relationship between structure and function 
  • At each and every level of organization. 
• • Levels of Organization living organisms carry out functions at many different levels of organization simultaneously.
• • Information Flow life requires information flow within and between cells and between the environment and the organism.
• • Matter, Energy, and Transformation living organisms must obtain matter and energy from the external world. 
  • This matter and energy must be transformed and transferred in varied ways to build the organism and to perform work.
• • Homeostasis maintains the internal environment in a more or less constant state compatible with life.
• Cells share a set of properties and basic functions that combine to produce the complex phenomenon we call life
• A cell is a tiny, unique entity separated from the outside world by a boundary membrane
• Cells need a constant supply of chemical energy, which they absorb and convert to their own needs
• Cells are creative synthesizers of amazingly complex macromolecules
• Cells grow, reproduce, and have the ability to respond to rapid changes in their environment
• Cells have all the "signs of life" and are capable of a remarkable degree of specialization
• There are about 200 different kinds of cells in the human body that are specialized to carry out specific functions
• Cells must be integrated and coordinated, communicate with one another, and coordinate their activities
• • Organism composed of organ systems.
  • Single, complete individual.
• • Organ System composed of organs.
  • Group of organs with a unique collective function.
  • Circulation
  • Respiration
  • Digestion
• • Human body has 11 organ systems 
  • Integumentary
  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
  • Nervous
  • Endocrine
  • Circulatory
  • Lymphatic
  • Respiratory
  • Urinary
  • Digestive
  • Reproductive
• • Organs composed of tissues. 
  • Structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function. 
• • Tissues composed of cells.
  • Mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function. 
• • Cells composed of organelles.
  • Smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life. 
  • Structural and Functional Unit of Life.
• Cell Wall is found only in plant cells and is used for extra structure in stems and leaves
• Centriole is found only in animal cells and aids the cell when it is time to split
• Nucleolus is found in both plant and animal cells and is in charge of making and storing DNA and RNA
• Nuclear Membrane is found in both plant and animal cells and regulates what comes in and out of the nucleus
• Flagella is found only in animal cells and is a tail-like structure allowing the cell to move
• Nucleus is found in both plant and animal cells and directs everything that happens in the cell
• Cell Membrane is found in both plant and animal cells, controls the movement of molecules into and out of the cell, provides structure, protects cytosolic contents, and allows cells to act as specialized units
• Phospholipid bilayer in the cell membrane determines what molecules can move into or out of the cell
• Ribosome is found in both plant and animal cells and is where RNA is made into protein
• Golgi Body is found in both plant and animal cells, gathering small molecules and combining them to make more complex ones
• Vacuole is a storage bubble found in both plant and animal cells, much bigger in a plant cell
• Cytoplasm is found in both plant and animal cells, helping get rid of waste material and keep things together
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is involved in protein making, found in both plant and animal cells
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum is involved in making fats, found in both plant and animal cells
• Mitochondria, found in both plant and animal cells, is the energy maker of the cell