[SS032] Philippine History Module 2

• The Katipunan was born in July 1892, shortly after Rizal was arrested and deported to Dapitan
• Rizal's crime was forming the La Liga Filipina, a civic organization mistaken by the Spaniards as a revolutionary organization
• Andres Bonifacio, a La Liga member, realized peaceful means were futile and initiated the KKK (Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangan na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan), a revolutionary organization
• The KKK, initially a secret organization, recruited members secretly for 3 years and by January 1896 had 300 members
• In January 1896, the KKK published a newspaper called "Kalayaan," edited by Emilio Jacinto, featuring Bonifacio's poem "Pag-ibig para sa Tinubuang Lupa"
• The KKK's secrecy was maintained by using Marcelo Del Pilar's name as editor of the Kalayaan and a fake address in Yokohama, Japan
• The Kalayaan caused KKK membership to increase to 30,000 members
• August 19, 1896, marked the official start of the Philippine Revolution versus Spain, known as the First Cry of the Revolution
• The Katipuneros gathered in a hinterland north of Manila and held a series of meetings which led to the First cry of the revolution, the official start of the Philippine revolution versus Spain
• Why is "National Heroes' Day" movable, unlike other holidays like Independence Day and Rizal Day?


  Because different primary sources stated different dates
• Andres Bonifacio gathered his “Batang Tondo” friends and pioneered the KKK.
• August 19, 1896 – The Night Manila Did Not Sleep
• The other Katipuneros learned of the arrests, so they fled away from the city and hid in the hinterlands.
• At the start of the Revolution, Bonifacio, who was based in Manila, had a 0-29 battle win-loss record.
• At the start of the Revolution, the Katipuneros in Cavite won almost all of their battles.
• At the start of the Revolution, the concentration of the Spanish military power is in the capital of the Philippines, Manila
• Since the Katipuneros in Cavite kept on winning, they started to have an argument on who is the better clan- The Magdalo or the Magdiwang
• The Magdalo troops of the KKK were led by the Aguinaldo brothers
• The Magdiwang was led by Gen. Mariano Alvarez. He’s also a relative of Gregoria “Lakambini” De Jesus, Andres Bonifacio’s wife.
• While in Tejeros, the group agreed to abolish the KKK and replace it with a Revolutionary Government.
• Emilio Aguinaldo was absent in the assembly.
• Daniel Tirona, raised an issue that Bonifacio was unschooled and doesn’t deserve the position
• Andres Bonifacio walked off the Tejeros Convention and declared the result of the election as null and void, and he is still the leader of the revolution.
• Andres Bonifacio went to Naic, Cavite, and formed his own version of revolutionary Government (Naic Military Agreement)
• Andres Bonifacio was executed by Aguinaldo’s men led by Lazaro Macapagal in May 1897 in the mountains of Maragondon, Cavite.
• Apolinario Mabini, a member of the Liga Filipina and one of the compromisarios, was indicted and imprisoned as one of the instigators of the rebellion
• Mabini suffered a paralytic stroke six months before the uprising, which may have saved him from being beaten up and shot
• Mabini was covered by General Primo de Rivera’s amnesty proclamation and set free after being confined for almost nine months in the prisoners’ section of the San Juan de Dios hospital in Manila
• Mabini moved to the town of Los Banos, then to Bay in the province of La Laguna, where he drafted a scheme for the organization of a general uprising, two months before the declaration of war between the United States and Spain
• Upon meeting Aguinaldo, Mabini learned that there was no formal agreement between Aguinaldo and the United States Government, only verbal assurances
• Mabini proposed a scheme reorganizing the provinces and towns in a democratic form, which was carried out with Aguinaldo's approval
• Mabini advised Aguinaldo to avoid conflict with the Americans to prevent facing two enemies and the likely partition of the islands between them
• After the capitulation of Manila, the Philippine Government moved to Malolos, Bulacan, where the newly created Congress ratified the proclamation of independence and decided to draft a constitution for the establishment of a Philippine Republic
• Mabini advised Aguinaldo on the best system for the organization of armed forces and raising funds for their maintenance, emphasizing the importance of not drafting a constitution until the independence of the Philippines was officially recognized
• Mr Aguinaldo submitted Mabini's opinion to the members of his cabinet, but Mabini's advice was rejected and was criticized for holding tyrannical ideas
• Mr Arellano declined the office of Secretary of Foreign Affairs, leading Mr Aguinaldo to insist that the advisor take charge of the department
• The advisor accepted the role to seek an understanding with the United States Government before the proposed constitution was voted upon by the Philippine Congress
• Efforts to delay the promulgation of the Constitution failed due to the Treaty of Paris, which vested in the Congress of the United States the authority to determine the civil rights and political status of the Filipinos
• The American forces initiated hostilities on the night of February 4, 1899, leading to the outbreak of war in the Philippines
• The Treaty of Paris was ratified by the Senate on February 6, 1899, and the amount of $20,000,000 for the cession of the Philippines was appropriated by Congress on March 2