attachment

• An attachment bond is A strong, lasting emotional bond formed between a baby and their main caregiver.
• A child displaying safe base behaviour  plays independently, but returns to their attachment figure if they are scared and   happily spends time with other children, but only if their caregiver is nearby.
• The first behaviour displayed by children who are attached to their caregivers is  safe base  behaviour, which is when children treat their caregiver as someone they can quickly return to whenever they’re scared or anxious.
• Separation anxiety is when children become distressed when they are separated from their caregiver
• Stranger anxiety is when a child feels distress around strangers and is upset by the presence of unfamiliar people.
• In the past, research into attachment focussed on the role of the mother, because mothers took on the main caregiving responsibilities.
• Bowlby believed that mothers form a unique bond with their children.
• Bowlby believed that mothers form a unique bond with their children. The bond is an attachment that a child can only form with one caregiver; it is called a monotropic bond
• nowadays It is more usual for both mothers and fathers to be involved in parenting.
• Some researchers argue that fathers find it hard to care for babies and form attachments with them because they lack sensitive responsiveness
• according to the second theory, dads play the role of playmate whereas mothers provide the care and nurture
• the third theory argues that the role of the father is similar to a mother
• First, dad's lack the sensitivity and nurturing personality to form any attachment with their children.
• Second, dads play the role of playmate with their children, whereas mums play the role of carer .
• Third, dads are just as caring and sensitive as mothers, and can form similar attachments to their children as mothers can.
• Bowlby thought that mothers were naturally caring because They have evolved to respond to social releasers.
• Schaffer and Emerson’s study of attachment showed that A baby’s first attachment is very often to their mother.
• Schaffer and Emerson also found that Babies form multiple attachments and do form attachments to their fathers
• A longitudinal study, is A study where the researchers investigate the same participant at multiple time points.
• The internal working model is A schema built from a child’s relationship with its main attachment figure that guides expectations and beliefs about future relationships.
• Grossman et al found that, the child’s internal working model was associated with their father’s play sensitivity when they were toddlers. This supports the idea that fathers function as a playmate for their children and mothers and fathers have different roles in the child’ development.
• Grossman et al conducted a longitudinal study looking at the relationship between children and their parents.
• Grossman measured strength of attachment and parent’s play sensitivity.
• Grossman measured the amount of time fathers spent feeding their children.
• Field et al recorded the interactions that mothers and fathers had with their children and then watched through the videos, making observations of each frame. So Field et al were using frame-by-frame analysis.
• First, Field et al measured the sensitive responsiveness of fathers and mothers, which means How sensitive they were to their child’s needs.
• Field et al found that, when dads were the primary caregiver for their child, they did display as much sensitive responsiveness as the mothers. This suggests that  Dads can take on the caring, nurturing role that is often associated with mothers.
• Field et al found that dads who were the primary caregiver displayed as much sensitive responsiveness as mothers.   
• Field et al  conducted an observational study using frame-by-frame analysis to look at interactions between parents and their children.
• field et al measured the sensitive responsiveness of the parents and the amount of time they spent playing with their child.
• field et al found that dads usually play more with their children and mums displayed more sensitive responsiveness.
• In Brown et al’s study, they investigated the relationship between children and their fathers by observing them at multiple time points, between the ages of 13 months and 3 years of age. So, Brown et al conducted a longitudinal study
• Brown et al found that, the more involved and sensitive the fathers were when the child was 13​ months, the stronger their attachment to their child when the child was 3​ years old.
• Brown et al conducted a longitudinal study looking at the father-child relationship at 13​ months and at 3​ years of age.
• Two cultural factors that can influence the role of the father are that Until recently, fathers couldn’t get paid paternity leave and Society places strong expectations on the father to act as the breadwinner rather than the caregiver.
• one study suggests that dads and mums play different roles in their child’s development, conducted by Grossman et al .
• Field et al conducted an observational study using frame-by-frame video analysis to look at the interactions between parents and their children. They measured the sensitive responsiveness of the parents and how much time they spent playing with their child. They found that dads usually played more with their children, and mums displayed more sensitive responsiveness. But dads who were the primary caregiver for their child displayed as much sensitive responsiveness as the mothers.
• Traditionally, society has expected mothers to act as caregivers and fathers to act as breadwinners. these strong social norms have led to expectations about how men and women should behave
• Grossman et al. and Brown et al. were both longitudinal studies.
• All field, brown and grossman measured sensitive responsiveness