Chapter 3: Forming a new life

Cards (38)

  • Ovulation is the rupture of a mature follicle in either ovary and expulsion of its ovum
  • Spontaneous abortion is the natural expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that cannot survive outside the womb, also called miscarriage
  • Canalization is the limitation on variance of expression of certain inherited characteristics
  • Niche-picking refers to Jacob, an adolescent with a talent for music, who has a tendency to seek out musical friends, take music classes, and go to concerts
  • Schizophrenia is characterized by loss of contact with reality, hallucinations and delusions, loss of coherent, logical thought, and inappropriate emotionality
  • Genotype is the genetic makeup of a person, containing both expressed and unexpressed characteristics
  • Concordant is the term describing the tendency of twins to share the same trait or disorder
  • In the 3rd month of prenatal development, sex is determined
  • Heterozygous is when a child receives two different alleles, resulting in partial expression of a trait
  • The cephalocaudal principle states that the upper parts of the body develop before the lower parts of the trunk
  • When Jacob, an adopted child since birth, takes an IQ test, his results would most probably be similar to his adoptive parents
  • Meiosis is a process in the cell cycle that reduces the number of chromosomes into half
  • Teratogen is an environmental agent, such as a virus, a drug, or radiation, that can interfere with normal prenatal development and cause developmental abnormalities
  • Behavioral genetics is the quantitative study of relative hereditary and environmental influences on behavior
  • Dizygotic twins are the result of two separate eggs being fertilized by two different sperms to form two unique individuals
  • Dominant is the allele that is always expressed or shows up as a trait in that person
  • Temperament is the characteristic disposition or style of approaching and reacting to situations
  • Genetic Counseling is a clinical service that advises prospective parents of their probable risk of having children with hereditary defects
  • Phenotype refers to the observable characteristics or physical traits of a person
  • The proximodistal principle states that the parts of the body near the center develop before the extremities
  • Gestation is the period of development between conception and birth
  • Amniocentesis is a prenatal assessment technique wherein a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn under guidance of ultrasound and analyzed
  • Stress refers to physical or psychological demands on a person or organism
  • Epigenesis are mechanisms that turn genes on and off and determine functions of body cells
  • Multifactorial transmission is the combination of genetic and environmental factors to produce a certain complex trait
  • Polygenic Inheritance is a pattern of inheritance in which multiple genes at different sites on chromosomes affect a complex trait
  • Karyotype is a chart where chromosomes from body tissues are analyzed and photographed, then enlarged and arranged according to size and structure
  • Reaction Range is the potential variability, depending on environmental conditions, in the expression of a hereditary trait
  • Genotype-environment interaction is the portion of phenotypic variation that results from the reactions of genetically different individuals to similar environmental conditions
  • Non-shared environmental effects refer to the unique environment in which each child grows up, consisting of distinctive influences that affect one child differently than others
  • Obesity is extreme overweight in relation to age, sex, height, and body type as defined by having a body mass index at or above the 95th percentile
  • Ultrasound is a prenatal medical procedure using high-frequency sound waves to detect the outline of the fetus and its movements
  • Thalidomide, a tranquilizer, was banned after causing stunted or missing limbs, severe facial deformities, and defective organs in some 12,000 babies
  • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a combination of mental, motor, and developmental abnormalities affecting the offspring of some women who drink heavily during pregnancy
  • Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a viral disease that undermines the effective functioning of the immune system
  • Three ways how Genotype-Environment Correlation works:
    • Passive correlations
    • Reactive (or evocative) correlations
    • Active correlations
  • Stages in Prenatal Development:
    • Germinal Stage
    • Embryonic Stage
    • Fetal Stage
  • Three layers of embryonic disc:
    • Ectoderm
    • Endoderm
    • Mesoderm