UCSP 1st Quarter

• Anthropology -Study of humanity genetically and biologically, human origin, globalization, social change, and world history
• 4 Fields of Anthropology:

  1.) Cultural Anthropology

  2.) Linguistic Anthropology

  3.) Biological Anthropology

  4.) Archeology
• 1.) Cultural Anthropology

  • study of living people in their cultures, including variation and change
  • deals with the description and analysis of the forms and styles of social life of past and present ages
  • Cultural anthropologists also study art, religion, migration, marriage, and family
• 2.) Linguistic Anthropology

  • Refers to the study of communication. Study of communication’s origins, history, and contemporary variation
• 3.) Biological Anthropology

  • Also known as Physical anthropology
  • study of human as biological organisms, including their evolution and contemporary variation. Seeks to describe the distribution of hereditary variations among contemporary populations.
  • Sort out and measure the relative contribution made by heredity, environment, and culture to human biology.
• 4.) Archeology

  • Refers to the study of past human cultures through their material remains. It is the study of past human cultures through the recovery and analysis of artifacts.
• Applied anthropology

  • anthropologists apply the knowledge they garner about mankind, nature, and human genetics, to some extent, to find solutions to the problems that humans face and combat.
• August Comte (1798-1857)

  • coined sociology
  • regarded as the father of sociology
  • SOCIUS - ASSOCIATE
  • It is a systematic study of groups and societies that people build and how these affect their behavior. It focuses on various social connections, institutions, organizations, structures and processes.
• Social Organization

  • Ensures that individuals perform their proper functions. Basis for the division of labour and the division consumption.
  • Helps members of a group to stay connected to one another.
• Social Psychology

  • Focuses on the study of human nature and its emphasis on social processes as they affect individual or responses which are called “Social Stimuli”
  • How an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by other people
• Applied sociology

  • concerned with the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior organizations.
  • resolving social problems through the use of sociological research
• Population Studies

  • this area includes size, growth, demographic characteristics, composition, migration, changes ad quality vis-a-vis economic, political and social systems.
• Human Ecology

  • Study of the effects of various social organizations to the population’s bahvior
• Social Change

  • Studies factors that cause social organization and social disorganization.
• Political Science

  • study of government
• Politics

  • greek word polis which means city or state
  • Art and science of governing state
• Culture

  • from latin expression Clique or cultus that implies developing and refining
  • it is: learned, shared, changes, dynamic, gives scope of standards, diverse, and ideational
• Types of culture

  1. Material Culture - Tangible
  2. Non-material culture - non tangible
• Anthropological Perspectives

  1. Unilineal Evolutionism - Assumes one line along which all societies evolved. Animism to Monotheism. From Savagery, Barbarism, and to civilization
  2. Cultural Diffusion - spread of ideas, customs, or technology from one culture or people to another
  3. Historical Particularism - each element of culture has its own distinctive history. Rejects comparison and generalization. Superstitious beliefs.
  4. Anthropological Structuralism - Term used to describe kinship. Father, son, mother, and daughter
• 5. Cultural materialism - Contends that the physical world impacts and sets constraints on human behavior

  6. Sociological Functionalism - parts of society as components of a cohesive. Each part performs a useful function

  7. Sociological Conflict Perspective - Individuals competing for limited resources

  8. Symbolic Interactionism - We ascribe to objects, processes, ideas, concepts, and systems that are subjective. Symbol - something that represents a thing. Interaction - how the meaning of the symbol was interpreted through social interaction.
• Society

  • from Latin word Societas meaning companion or associate
  • population that occupies the same territory
• Perspective on Society

  1. Anthropological Perspective - A group of people sharing a common culture
  2. Sociological Perspective - An association organized by men
• Perspective on Culture

  1. Anthropological Perspective - A unique character of every human society
  2. Sociological Perspective - the imprint made by people
• Cultural Relativism - Context

  Ethnocentrism - Superior

  Xenocentrism - Inferior
• Cultural Evolution

  • can be defined as non-genetic means of adaptation
  • Key Factors: Capability of the brain related to brain size, Making and use of tools, fire, Agriculture and domestication of animals
• Symbols

  • An object word or action that stand for something else.
  • Way of communication during neolithic period
• Practices

  • refer to everyday life and the way typically and habitually performed in a society.(festive events)
• Paleolithic Period

  • old stone age
  • unpolished stones
  • gathering plants and fishing, hunting, or scavenging wild animals
• Paleolithic Period

  • also called foraging culture
  • depends on a combination of hunting, fishing, and gathering wild foods for subsistence
• Mesolithic Period

  • existed between the Paleolithic(Old Stone Age), with its chipped stone tools, and the neolithic(New Stone Age)
  • microliths - very small stone tools intended for mounting together on a shaft to produce a serrated edge.
• Neolithic Period

  • New Stone Age
  • Polished stones by grinding
  • depend on domesticated plants and animals
  • built-up villages and towns learned pottery and weaving
  • final stage of cultural evolution or technological development among prehistoric humans
• Horticultural Society

  • it was called horticulture by anthropologists rather than farming because it is carried on like simple gardening
• Pastoral Society

  • also called Herding Society
  • care of animals
• Metal Age

  • military weapons like swords and spears
• Mesopotamia Civilization

  • Cuneiform
  • The land between two rivers
  • worlds earliest civilization developed
• Harrapan Civilization

  • Its two large cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-daro
  • the earliest known urban culture
  • Baths and Citadels
  • Irrigation system
• Egyptian Civilization

  • oasis in the desert
  • Papyrus - system of writing
• Chinese Civilization

  • civilization of ancient China first developed in the Yellow River region of northern China
• Identity

  • The qualities, behavior, values, beliefs, personality, looks and

  expressions that make a person.

  • It is a flexible and can therefore change according to situations

  and circumstances.
• cultural identity

  -one’s feeling of identity or affiliation with a group or culture