ap human urban

• Redlining refers to the practice of denying loans or other financial services to residents of certain neighborhoods based on their perceived riskiness.
• Urbanization is the process by which people move from rural areas to urban areas.
• Rural-urban migration refers to the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas.
• The Great Migration was the movement of African Americans from rural areas to northern cities, beginning around 1900.
• The urban population refers to people living in areas designated as cities or towns by national standards.
• Rapid urbanization often results in the growth of informal or 'slum' settlements on the outskirts of cities lacking proper sanitation, transportation, and other infrastructure.
• Racial segregation is the separation of people based on race, often enforced by law or custom.
• Urbanization has both positive and negative impacts on the environment, including pollution, resource depletion, and destruction of natural habitats.
• The Fair Housing Act prohibits housing discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, disability, familial status, or national origin.
• Gentrification is the process by which middle-class people move into working-class areas, leading to changes such as rising property values, increased crime rates, and displacement of longtime residents.
• Urban renewal programs aim to revitalize deteriorating inner city neighborhoods through redevelopment projects that often involve demolition of existing buildings and construction of new ones.
• The term "urban" can refer to both cities and towns, but it generally implies that an area has more than 2500 inhabitants.
• Cities are large settlements with high population densities, while towns have lower populations and less density.
• Suburbs are residential communities located outside city limits.
• Megacities are cities with populations exceeding ten million inhabitants.
• Suburbs are residential communities located outside central cities that have grown rapidly since World War II.
• Edge City is a term coined by Joel Garreau to describe decentralized business districts that emerged as suburbs grew.
• Gentrification is the renovation and revitalization of deteriorating inner city neighborhoods by middle class newcomers.
• Metropolitan areas include both the city proper (the area within its boundaries) and suburbs.
• Megacities have populations exceeding ten million inhabitants.
• Cities are complex systems that require careful planning and management to ensure sustainability and livability.
• Gentrification involves the renovation and revitalization of neglected neighborhoods, leading to increased property values and displacement of longtime residents.
• Globalization has led to the spread of Western cultural norms and practices, such as fast food chains and English language education.
• Gentrification involves renovating older neighborhoods with higher-income residents moving into previously low-income areas.
• agricultural village: a relatively small egalitarian village where most of the population was involved in agriculture . about 10,000 years ago people begin living in agricultural villages
• when and why did people start living in cities? •the hearth of urbanization the first agricultural hearth was the area of southwest Asia called the Fertile Crescent

  •agricultural surplus and social stratification enable cities to stabilize and grow

  •the leadership class. Urban elite consisted of a group, decision, makers, and organizers, who controlled the resources. The innovation of the cities called the first urban revolution and it occurred independently in six separate hearth, a case of independent invention the six urban hearts are tied closely to agriculture.
• 6 Hearths of urbanization


  Mesopotamia, 3500 BCE

  •Nile River Valley, 3200 BCE

  •Indus river valley 2200 BCE

  •Huang He and Wei River Valleys 1500 BCE

  •Mesoamérica, 1100 BCE

  •Peru 900 BCE