PR1

• Plagiarism is defined as copying verbatim of language and idea of other writers and taking credit from them
• Plagiarism is a serious form of academic dishonesty and is frowned upon in the academe
• Plagiarism is using other people’s words and ideas without clearly acknowledging the source of information
• Types of Plagiarism of Language:

  1. Word-for-word from a source: word-for-word copying and citing the source

  2. Word-for-word plagiarism of a text: the writer simply cites the author but copies the whole text verbatim

  3. Patchwork Plagiarism: ideas from the source are mixed with interpretations of the writer, creating patches of text where ownership of ideas is unclear
• Inquiry is a learning process that motivates you to obtain knowledge or information by investigating or asking questions about something you are curious about
• Research involves examining and experimenting to discover or modify existing knowledge
• Research is any systematic investigation of social or natural phenomena aimed at contributing to generalizable knowledge
• Research requires collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data to understand, describe, predict, or control a phenomenon or set of phenomena
• Research becomes scientific if it contributes to a body of science and follows the scientific method
• Science refers to a systematized body of knowledge acquired using the scientific method
• Qualitative research focuses on understanding human behavior or personality traits in their natural setting
• Pure research deals with concepts, principles, or abstract things,
• Descriptive research defines or gives a verbal portrayal of a person, thing, event, group, situation, etc.
• Correlational research shows the relationship or connectedness of two factors, circumstances, or agents called variables that affect the research
• Explanatory research elaborates or explains the reasons behind the relationship of two factors and the ways in which such a relationship exists
• Exploratory research aims to find out how reasonable or possible it is to conduct a research study on a certain topic
• Action research studies the ongoing practice of a school, organization, community, or institution to obtain results
• Qualitative research uses words to express results and investigates people's thoughts, beliefs, feelings, views, and lifestyles
• Quantitative research involves measuring data and presenting findings in numerical forms
• Qualitative research is important in promoting a fullunderstanding of human behavior or personality trait

  in their natural setting.
• Research ethics include honesty, objectivity, integrity, respect for intellectual property, social responsibility, and protection of human subjects
• Using direct quotation means to lift text and enclose them in quotation marks. In addition to the author's name, the page numbers are included.
• If the text is too long, you may omit certain parts and replace them with an ellipsis (three dots). If the words omitted are at the end of the statement, another dot is added, making it four.
• Interpolation may be done to insert notes within the directly quoted passage to help readers the of the statement. Interpolation is marked by open and closed brackets
• Percentage of Direct Quotation is twenty percent of the total length of the work may employ direct quotations.
• Guidelines in choosing a topic

  1. Interest & expertise in the subject matter
  2. Availability of information
  3. Timeliness and relevance of the topic
  4. Limitations of the subject
  5. Personal resources
• Topics that shoupd be avoided

  1. Controversial topics
  2. Highly technical subjects
  3. Hard-to-investigate subjects
  4. Too broad or too narrow subjects
  5. Personal Resources
• Characteristics of effective writing:

  1. Provide necessary information
  2. Choose appropriate wording
  3. Be mindful of length
  4. Observe proper grammar and capitalization
• Approaches to Research

  • SCIENTIFIC APPROACH (positive approach) - discover and measure information as well
  • NATURALISTIC APPROACH ( people-oriented approach) - directs you to deal with qualitative data that speak of how people behave toward their surroundings
  • TRIANGULATION APPROACH - Combining these two
• Characteristics of Research

  1. Systematic
  2. Controlled
  3. Empirical
  4. Critical
  5. Cyclical
  6. Universal
  7. Replicable
• Systematic - done in orderly manner
• Controlled - carefully planned and does not allow any intuition without basis
• Critical - conclusion are made through critical evaluation of data
• Empirical - conclusions are based on evidences
• Cyclical - starts with identifying a promblem and ends with intruducing future problems
• Universal - research peocesses and procedures are transmittable which enable the other researchers to replicate them and assess their validity.
• Replicable - researcher may use the results of a study and/or build upon the research results of another
• ETHICAL considerations in doing a Research:

  1. Honesty
  2. Objectivity
  3. Integrity
  4. Openness
  5. Respect for intellectual property
  6. Social Responsibility
  7. Human Subjects' Protection
• quantitative research emphasizes measurable and observable facts
• Qualitative data cannot be expressed numerically but rather through words or descriptions