cells

• Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles

  
• Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

  
• The nucleus of a cell is the control center and contains the genetic material (DNA) of the cell

  
• Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, responsible for generating energy

  
• Ribosomes are large, complex molecular machines that perform protein synthesis by translating the information contained in mRNA molecules

  
• Ribosomes are made up of two subunits: a large subunit and a small subunit

  
• The large subunit of a ribosome contains the peptidyl transferase centre, responsible for catalysing the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids

  
• The small subunit of a ribosome contains the decoding centre, ensuring that the correct amino acids are added to the growing polypeptide chain

  
• The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope with pores that allow materials to enter and exit the nucleus

  
• Inside the nucleus, there is a nucleolus where ribosomes are made, the cell's protein factories

  
• The structure of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (PDB ID: 1HMV) shows the protein as a ribbon, with different colors representing different domains, and the active site located in the center of the protein

  
• The structure of a mitochondrion, the powerhouse of the cell responsible for generating energy

  
• Prokaryotes are cells that do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles

  
• Eukaryotes are cells that have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

  
• Prokaryotic cells are usually single-celled and smaller than eukaryotic cells
• Eukaryotic cells are usually found in multicellular organisms, but there are some single-celled eukaryotes
• Prokaryotes have ribosomes, genetic material, a cell wall, plasma membrane, capsule, flagella, pili, lack compartmentalization, and undergo binary fission
• Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, a nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, and are larger in size compared to prokaryotic cells
• There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic.

  • Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
  • Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, allowing for complex functions
• The nucleus is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic cells, containing most of the cell’s genetic information encoded in DNA in the form of genes
• The nucleus is the control center of the cell, regulating gene expression, ensuring RNA and proteins are only produced when necessary
• The nuclear envelope is a double membrane of the nucleus that encloses the genetic material, separating the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm
• The nuclear envelope has many tiny holes called nuclear pores that help regulate the exchange of materials between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
• The nucleus contains a nucleolus, mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes, which are organelles made of protein and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) that build cellular proteins in the cytoplasm
• Mitochondria are membrane-enclosed organelles found in most eukaryotic cells, known as the "power plants" of the cell where most of the cell’s energy is produced through cellular respiration
• Mitochondria have five compartments: the outer mitochondrial membrane, the intermembrane space, the inner mitochondrial membrane, the cristae space, and the matrix where most of the cell’s ATP is made
• A prokaryotic cell lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

  
• A typical eukaryotic cell has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

  
• Prokaryotes are cells without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

  
• A cell nucleus is the control center of the cell, containing the genetic material (DNA) and surrounded by a nuclear envelope with pores for material exchange

  
• A mitochondrion is where energy from organic compounds is used to make ATP

  
• The structure of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (PDB ID: 1HMV) shows the protein as a ribbon, with different colors representing different domains and the active site in the center

  
• A ribosome is a large molecular machine that performs protein synthesis, made up of a large and a small subunit

  
• Mitochondria have a double-membrane, resulting in five distinct compartments: outer mitochondrial membrane, intermembrane space, inner mitochondrial membrane, cristae space, and matrix

  
• Mitochondria have their own DNA and machinery to manufacture their own RNAs and proteins
• Mitochondria are thought to have evolved from ancient prokaryotic cells and are most often maternally inherited
• Maternal inheritance of mtDNA allows biologists to track the origin of modern humans and draw maternal lineages
• Maternal mtDNA is susceptible to mutations, which can cause inherited diseases like breast cancer
• Heteroplasmy, the presence of a mixture of more than one type of mtDNA, can lead to mitochondrial diseases when the proportion of mutant mtDNA reaches a threshold
• Ribosomes are small organelles and the site of protein synthesis, composed of a large and small subunit