BIO 14 - ACT 1

• Systematics is the scientific study of diversity and kinds of organisms and of any, and all relationships among them.
• Taxonomy is a major field of systematics.
• Taxonomy

  Theory and practice of classifying organisms.
• Taxonomy came from the Greek word, "taxis" and "nomos"
• Taxis

  arrangement or division
• Nomos

  method
• Important Components of Taxonomy:

  • Description
  • Identification
  • Nomenclature
  • Classification
• The features and attributes of an organism is described
• The written description of an organism form a means of assembling and communicating information
• Classification is the process of ordering a population into groups and organizing these population into a nested hierarchy
• Identification involves recognizing features of an organism using a key.
• Nomenclature involves application of distinctive names to each of the group
• Taxonomic hierarchy is an orderly array composed of series of inclusive levels.
• Categories are the series of inclusive levels.
• These categories of classification can be arranged either in decreasing or increasing order from domain to species and vice versa.
• A category is a rank or level in the hierarchic classification.
• Taxon is a taxonomic group of any rank that is sufficiently distinct to be worth of being assigned to a definite category.
• Taxon is a concrete object or real organism at any level of hierarchic classification.
• Examples of Higher Taxa:

  • Birds
  • Vertebrates
• Examples of Lower Taxa:

  • Maya birds
  • Dog
  • Man
• Categories:

  • Domain
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Specific epithet
  • Specific name
• Pneumonia

  • Domain: Bacteria
  • Kingdom: Eubacteria
  • Phylum: Gracilicutes
  • Class: -
  • Order: Eubacteriales
  • Family: Enterobacteriaceae
  • Genus: Klebsiella
  • Epithet: pneumoniae
  • Specific name: Klebsiella pneumoniae
• Bread Mold

  • Domain: Eukarya
  • Kingdom: Fungi
  • Phylum: Zygomycota
  • Class: Zygomycetes
  • Order: Mucorales
  • Family: Mucoraceae
  • Genus: Rhizopus
  • Epithet: stolonifer
  • Specific name: Rhizopus stolonifer
• Rice

  • Domain: Eukarya
  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Phylum: Magnoliophyta
  • Class: Liliopsida
  • Order: Poales
  • Family: Poaceae
  • Genus: Oryza
  • Epithet: sativa
  • Specific name: Oryza sativa
• Horse

  • Domain: Eukarya
  • Kingdom: Animalia
  • Phylum: Chordata
  • Class: Mammalia
  • Order: Ungulata
  • Family: Equidae
  • Genus: Equus
  • Epithet: caballus
  • Specific name: Equus caballus
• Species is the basic unit of classification and the lowest category in the hierarchy.
• Infraspecific categories include:

  • Subspecies
  • Forma
  • Variety
• There are categories that can be based on suffixes or standardized ending.
• Categories that do not have suffixes:

  • Kingdom
  • Genus
  • Species
• Infraspecific Categories:

  • Phylum or Division
  • Subdivision
  • Class
  • Subclass
  • Order
  • Sub-order
  • Superfamily
  • Family
  • Subfamily
  • Tribe
  • Subtribe
• Algae

  • Phylum or Division: phyta
  • Subdivision: phytina
  • Class: phyceae
  • Subclass: phycidae
  • Order: ales
  • Sub-order: inaea
  • Superfamily: acea
  • Family: aceae
  • Subfamily: -
  • Tribe: aea
  • Subtribe: inae
• Plants

  • Phylum or Division: phyta
  • Subdivision: phytina
  • Class: idea
  • Subclass: opsida
  • Order: ales
  • Sub-order: inaea
  • Superfamily: acea
  • Family: aceae
  • Subfamily: -
  • Tribe: eae
  • Subtribe: inae
• Fungi

  • Phylum or Division: mycota
  • Subdivision: mycotina
  • Class: mycetes
  • Subclass: mycotidae
  • Order: ales
  • Sub-order: inaea
  • Superfamily: acea
  • Family: aceae
  • Subfamily: oideae
  • Tribe: eae
  • Subtribe: inae
• Animals

  • Phylum or Division: -
  • Subdivision: -
  • Class: -
  • Subclass: -
  • Order: -
  • Sub-order: -
  • Superfamily: oidea
  • Family: idea
  • Subfamily: inae
  • Tribe: ini
  • Subtribe: ina
• Organisms are given two types of names:

  • Common
  • Scientific
• Common names are vernacular names, often less precise than scientific name.
• Species may have several common names
• Different species may share the same common names.
• Scientific names follow certain rules listed in the International Code of Nomenclature.
• The scientific names of taxa above the rank of species are uninomial