Osteology

• The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the limbs, including those forming the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic girdles

  
• The periosteum is continuous with the articular cartilage and is sensitive to compressive and tensile loads according to Wolff's Law
• Cancellous bone will remodel and adapt to absorb loads, making exercise a treatment for osteoporosis
• Osteoporosis is not necessarily painful, and exercise is one of the treatments for it
• Long bone microstructure consists of multiple osteons, which are made of minerals and softer collagen for rigidity
• Bone development involves cartilage ossifying into bone, with different rates for different bones and ossification centers in the shaft and ends
• Greenstick fractures occur in children more often than in adults due to the composition of children's bones
• The function of bones includes producing blood cells, managing pH and electrolyte balance of the blood, protecting internal organs, providing attachments for muscles, providing leverage for movement, and taking the weight of the body
• The function of the periosteum is to provide a good blood supply to bones, as cancellous bone matrix gaps contain red marrow to produce red blood cells
• The major parts of the human body, as seen from the anterior and posterior views, are labeled with the names of the body parts in both English and Latin
• Superior and inferior are used to describe if a body part is vertically closer to the top of the head or closer to the bottom of the feet, respectively
• Anterior and posterior are used to describe if a body part is towards the front or back of the body, respectively
• Medial describes a body part closer to the mid-line division of the body, while lateral refers to a structure farther from the mid-line
• Proximal and distal describe the location of points on a limb relative to the limb’s connection to the torso, with proximal being closer to the point of attachment and distal further away
• Superficial refers to a location towards the surface of a body structure or organ, while deep is concerned with a location towards the center of a body structure or organ
• In anatomical terms, a sagittal section is a vertical cut dividing the body into left and right parts
• A frontal or coronal section is any vertical cut that divides the body into front and back
• A transverse or cross section is any horizontal cut that divides the body into top and bottom
• The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the head (cranium or skull), neck (hyoid bone and cervical vertebrae), and trunk (ribs, sternum, vertebrae, and sacrum)

  
• Plantar is inferior foot surface (sole) and dorsal is superior foot surface (dorsum)
• Palmar is anterior hand (palm) and dorsal is posterior hand (dorsum)
• Extension is increasing the angle of the joint. Straightening the joint
• Flexion is decreasing the angle of the joint. Bending the joint

  
• Dorsiflexion is decreasing the angle of the ankle joint
• Plantarflexion is increasing the angle of the ankle joint
• Elevation is moving a body part in a superior direction

  
• Depression is moving a body part in an inferior direction

  
• Eversion is rotating the ankle so that the sole points away from the other foot

  
• Inversion is rotating the ankle so that the sole points towards the other foot

  
• Abduction is moving a limb away from the medial line of the body

  
• Adduction is moving a limb towards the medial line of the body

  
• Lateral rotation is rotating a limb away from the medial line of the body

  
• Medial rotation is rotating a limb towards the medial line of the body

  
• The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the limbs, including those forming the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic girdles

  
• Long bones are tubular (e.g., the humerus in the arm)
• Short bones are cuboidal and are found only in the tarsus (ankle) and carpus (wrist)
• Flat bones usually serve protective functions (e.g., the flat bones of the cranium protect the brain)
• Irregular bones have various shapes other than long, short, or flat (e.g., bones of the face)
• Sesamoid bones (e.g., the patella) develop in certain tendons and are found where tendons cross the ends of long bones in the limbs; they protect the tendons from excessive wear and often change the angle of the tendons as they pass to their attachments
• Condyle: rounded, knuckle-like articular area, often occurring in pairs (e.g., the lateral and medial femoral condyles)