cellular metabolism

• Metabolic processes can be regarded as either anabolic or catabolic
• Anabolic reactions involve anabolism, such as protein synthesis where ribosomes read a template made from DNA and chemically bond amino acids to produce proteins like enzymes, hormones, and haemoglobin
• Catabolic reactions involve catabolism, like cellular respiration where cells produce ATP energy used for various functions including maintaining body temperature, muscle contraction, and cell division
• Cellular respiration has two types: aerobic (involving glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and Electron Transport Chain) and anaerobic (involving glycolysis and Lactic Acid Fermentation)
• In aerobic cellular respiration, glycolysis breaks down glucose to produce pyruvate and ATP in the cytoplasm, then the Krebs cycle breaks down pyruvate to CO2, H2O, and NADH in the mitochondria, and finally, the Electron Transport Chain converts NADH into 32-34 molecules of ATP in the mitochondria
• In anaerobic cellular respiration, glycolysis is followed by Lactic Acid Fermentation where pyruvate is converted into lactate in the cytoplasm, producing up to 2 ATP molecules
• Aerobic respiration occurs in both the cytoplasm and mitochondria, using glucose and oxygen, involving Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain, producing Carbon Dioxide, Water, and up to 38 ATP
• Anaerobic respiration occurs only in the cytoplasm, using glucose, involving Glycolysis and Lactic Acid Fermentation, producing Lactic Acid and 2-4 ATP
• • The electron transport chain is the final step in aerobic respiration, where electrons are passed from one carrier to another.
  • Oxygen acts as an acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain.
  • Glycolysis produces two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADH through substrate-level phosphorylation and electron transport.
  • Oxygen and glucose are the terminal electron acceptors and donors, respectively, in cellular respiration.
  • Mitochondria generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the chemical energy currency of cells.